Kadiri, M.

Obembe, Olawole O.

English

Covenant University Repository

' GLOBAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLI ED SCIENCES VOL.S N0.1, JANUARY, 1\:199 59 _ COPYR IGHT© BACHUDO SCI ENCE CO. LTD. PRINTED IN NIGERIA BIO CH EMICAl STU DiES ON HUMAN ~geih FROM BEOKUT:A. k 1·d bo~A ' " ---------------~~------------~~--~~~~~------~ M. KAD!RI, ano 0. 0. (!:t1tMBE (!Zc:•;etv<.:d 2-i October l997; o~vi sion :tcceptt:d 27 ,[a :, 199\l) Biochemical analysis w~:~s carried out on th<! humi:::n m ilk of iactC~KiKind no he r ~I t!IJ '''-·, ·15-40 yecmJ ~DfrK>rK: t.\u00!vv·.· Je ria. M icrobiologica l sampling ~howed the humon milk to l:w microbiolog ically pure or infants ' consumption a<- ti :al v iable bacteria growt h per m! was found to be nil. The sample8 had pH values ranging f ro m 5.S to 6 .2 , protef ntent ranged from 14.3 to 21 .4mg/ml, calc ium content ranged from 0. 13 to 0 .27mg/ml and sugar content range ·m 1.6 to 3.0 mg/ml. Women aged, 1 5-20 years had the most nutritive human milk pro f ile, based on these parameter < 0 .0 5 ) . . Y WORDS: Biochemical Studies, human milk, Nigeria. "RODUCTION Milk is t he natural food of the newborn mammal whom it is the sole 0ource of food and nourishment some period after birth . M ilk is the secretion of the mmary glands of animals which suckle their young ~ko ro~e and Ngoddy, 1985}. An increasing numbr women are currently choosing to breast feed their mts for longer peripds (Martinez and Nalesienski , 79, 1981). Milk is a good source of protain of high ogical value as well as calcium. It therefore •ports sound bone and teeth development as well as wth in children. Useful vitamins: riboflavin, idoxin, biotin, niacin, pt~nthothenic acid and vitamin have been reported in human milk (Casey and nbidge, 1983). Milk is known to protect infants against :terial infection and allergic r~tions (Ebrahim, 1 983; unsanya, 1 994) . Water-soluble vitamins, fatty acid nposition and lipid contents of human milk have been ,wn to reflect maternal food intake (Soderhjelm, 53; lnsull and Ahrens, 1959; Belavady, 1978; ~uharson et al , 1992; Ogunsanya, 1994}. As an 1m pie , Borschel et al ( 1986) in his comparative study the fatty acid composition of mature human milk of fptl~lDl and American women found that breast milk of (ptian women contained higher percentages of capric, ric, myristic, linoleic and arachidonic aeids while the werse of higher percentages of stearic and oleic acids breast milk of American women was true. In the ne vein, breast milk of Americt~n and A ustra lian •men were found to contain linoleic acid values of 1 4 -% and 1 1% respectively (Janssoh et al, 1 9 81 ; :>son and Kneebone, 1981 ; Bitaman et at, 1 983} . The high nut ritive value of milk makes it rapidly contaminated by microorganism s and thus gives it a short shelf life. The present study wss und>!rtaken w ith the following aims in view: to asses, the nutritional value of human milk from Abeokuta, Nigeria; to ascertain the purity of the milk and \0 compare the nutritive va lues of human milk produded by lactating mothPrs of varying ages from this region: MATERIALS AND METHODS Human milk collection: Human milk samples were collected from 250 healthy lactating mothers, aged 1 5 to 40 years by manual expression, from 5 randomly selected hospitals in Abeokuta, the capital of Ogun State of Nigeria. The lactating mothers were within one month of having given birth. Twenty millilitres of human milk were obtained from each lactating mother and delivered into sterile sampling bottles which were immediately frozen prior to analysis. The lactating mother's nipple was thoroughly cleaned with 70% alcohol prior to milk collection. Microbiological Analysis of Human Milk: Serial dilutions from 1 o-1 to 1 0-3 of each 1 ml milk sample were prepared . For the viable bacterial count, 0.1 ml of t he stock dilut1ons, 1 o-1 to 1 0-3 were plated in triplicate on nutrient ag8r plates. The innoculum wes spread evenly round the plate using pour plate method. The plates were incub8ted at 37°C for 48h after which bacterial colony presence in the plates was ascertained. Caciuin Content and pH Value of Hume.n Mlk: Calcium content was determined by pipetting 1 ml of the milk semple into a beaker, diluting it to 100ml, adding 2 drops methyl .red and ammonium hydroxide added drop-60 w ise unt1l a brownish orange colour was obtained . Thereafter, 2 drops of dilute hydrochloric acid were added and the solution diluted with 50ml of w ater. The solu1£ion w as boiled and 1 Oml of hot 4 .2% ammonium oxalate solution added w ith stirring until a precipitate w as formed . The precipitate was fi ltered out, washed with 40% ammonium hydroxide solution and dissoved in a mixture of 125ml water and 5ml 9 8 % sulphuric acid. The ensuing solution was heated to 70°C using a water-bath and titrated against 0.05N pot~ssium permanganate solution (IITA , 1979) . The pH of the milk samples was determ ined by dipping the electrode of a warmed pH meter m 1Om I human milk sample and the pH noted . Protein and Sugar Contents of Human Milk: Protein content was deter~ined using Folin Ciocaltnau method by adding 3ml of solution A to 1 ml of human m ilk (solution A consisted of 50ml 2% Na2C03 in 0 .1 M NaOH mixed with 1 ml of a mixture of 10% CuS04SH20 and 2% sodium tartarate) . At 10 min. after addition, 1 ml of Folin Ciocalteau reagent w as added and 30min. later, the optical densi ty of the resulting solution was taken at 5 70nm against a blank that had 1 ml human m ilk replaced with 1 ml distilled w ater . The prot ein standard curve was prepared from various concentrations of casein in 0.1 M NaOH (Lowry et al, 1951 ). Sugar content w as determined using ·n:~no l ­sulphuric acid method of Dubois et al ( 195 6 ) by adding 1 ml of 5% phenol and 5ml . c .cent rated H2S04 to 1 ml of human rTi ilk and the opticai density taken against a blank at 490 nm . The b!ank contained 1 ml of disti lled water instead of milk extract and the standard curve was prepared using various concentrat ions of glucose (Dubois et al, 195 6) . M. KADIRI, and 0. 0. OBEMBE group 15-20 had the highest values of M KOT~gAnl and 3.0mg/ml (Table 1) · Bacterial growth in the cultured human milk was found to be ni l. This result i• in 11Qreement with the report of A merican A cademy ·of Pediatric• w hich considered human milk to be a clean and opt imal source of nut rit ion for the infants (American Acade y of Pediatrics, 197 8). Protein, calcium end ~suga r contents of human m ilk w ere observed to decline in quentities with increase in age of the women while the converse was true with regards to pH values (Table 1 ). Calcium and sugar contents of 15-20 years age group.' a brnst milk were significantly higher t han those of other e!lge groups (P < 0.05) w hereas in the caoo oi protaln contents, only those of age groups 31-35 and 36-40 w ere significantly low er to t het of age group 15-.20 years (Table 1 ). The implication of the above findings is t hat women, aged 15-20 years produce the most qualitative humail milk. REFENRENCES American Academy of Pediatrics. 1978. Committee on nutrit ion commentary on breest-feeditlg and infant formulas, including proposed standard for formlllee. Pedriatrics 67: 278-285. Belavady, B. 19 78. Lipid ,and t race .• element composition of human milk. A~ Paediat r. Scand. 67 : 5 66-57 1. Bitaman, J., Wood, D.L. , Hamoeh, M., Hamosh, P., and Mehta, N.R. 1983. Comparison of the lipid composition of breast milk from mothers of term and pre-term infant s. A mer. J . Clin. Nutr. 38: 300-312. Borschell, M.M ., Elkin, R.G., Kirksey, A ., Sory, .J.A., Galal, 0., Harrison, G.G. and Jerome, N.W . 1986. Fatty acid composmon of Egyptian and American RESULTS AND afpCrppf~k 1"")7 w omen. Amer . J . Clin. Nut r. 4 4: 330-335 . The pH values of .the human m 1lk ranged f rom f Casey, C.E . and Hambidge, C.F. 1983. Nutrit ional 5.9 to SK~e the prote1n contents ranged from 1 4K;;_ ~ • a.spects of human lactation. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 4 1: :o 21.4mg/ml (Table 1). W ith regards to calcium and 1193-1197 ~ugar contents, the least values of 0 .13mg/ml amd Dubios, M ., Giles, A. K., Hamilton, K.J ., Rebers, A .f>. 1.8mg/ml were observed in age group 36-40 whtl., age and Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric method for Table 1: Mean pH , protein, calcium and sugar contents of human milk from lactating mothers, aged 15-40 years. Age group pH Level Protein Calcium Sugar {years) content content content (mg/ ml) (mg/ml) (mg/ml) 15 - 20 5.9 21 .4 0.27 3.0 21 - 25 6.1 19.8 0.20 2.6 26 - 30 6.1 18.5 0.18 2.4 31 - 35 6.2 17.5 0.16 2.0 ; 36 - 40 6.2 14 ~ M1~ f R I :JOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON HUMAN MILK FROM ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA Jeterm1nation of sugar related substances . Anal. ::hem . 28: 350-354. 3him, C.J. 1983. Nutrition in mother and child "'ealtt1. Macmillan tropical community health manual, \1 wYork 14: 14-15. rso, J., Cockburn, F. and Patrick, W.A. 1992. 11 ant cerebral cortex phospholipids fatty acid :omposition and diet. The Lancet 340: 180. son, R.A. and Kneebone, G.M. 1981. Fatty acid :omposition of human colostrum and mature breast nilk. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 252-257. :oronye, A .L. and Ngoddy, P.O. 1985. Integrated ood science and technology for the Tropics, .ongmans (London), pp. 350-367. ~ KAK 1979. Selected methods for soil and plant !malysis. Inter. lnst. of Tropic. Agricul. Menual Series No.1 , liT A, I badan, Nigeria, pp. 4 7-51 . Jll, W.Jr. and Ahrens, E.H. Jr. 1959. The fatty ~cids of human milk from mothers on diet taken ad libitum. Biochem. J. 7 2 : 27-33. Jansson, L., Akesson, B. and Holmberg, L. 1981. Vitamin E and fatty acid composition of human milk. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 8-13. Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, H.N.; Farr, L.A. and Randall, J .R. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folinphenol reagent. J. Bioi. Chem. 193: 263-275. Martinez, G. and Nalezitmski, J. 1979. The recent trend in breask feeding. Pediatrics 64: 686-692. Martinez, G. and Nalezienski, J. 1981. 1980 update: the recent trend in breast feeding. Pediatr ics 67 : 260-263 . Ogunsanya, O.M. 1994. Level of zinc in human milk of selected women in Abeokuta. Finn! d iploma dissertation of University of Agriculture, AKb~okuta I pp. 59· 60. Soderhjelm, L. 1953. Fat absorption studies. VI ! Polyunsaturated fatty acids in human m1lk and their variat1on with dietary fat. Acta Soc. Med. Upsal. 58 : 244-251. 

BIOCHEMICAl STUDIES ON HUMAN MILK FROM ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA

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BIOCHEMICAl STUDIES ON HUMAN MILK FROM ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA

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