This entire session is based upon a fairly simple assumption that the state of the host immune system is an important factor in determining whether or not malignant tumors develop and/or with what aggressiveness the tumors grow and spread after their inception. The objective of the presentation is to report to you some observations that quite definitely support an immunologic hypothesis for the etiology of cancer

Penn, I

Starzl, Th E

PubMed

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Reprint from Behring Institute Behring Institute M -tt -I Research Communications 1 el ungen No. 51 . September . 1972 ALG Therapy and Standardization Workshop Bad Soden (Ts) April, 23rd -25th, 1972 Published by Behringwerke AG, Marburg Edited by F. R. Seiler and H. G. Schwick Address: 8ehringwerke AG D 355 - Marburg/Lahn Germany Immunosuppression and Neoplasia I. PENN, TH. E. STARZL Presented by: Th. E. Starzl University of Colorado, Medical Center, Dept. Surgery, Denver, Colorado/USA This entire session is based upon a fairly simple assumption that the state of the host immune system is an important factor in determining whether or not malignant tumors develop and/or with what aggressiveness the tumors grow and spread after their inception. The objective of the presentation is to report to you some observations that quite definitely support an immunologic hypothesis for the etiology of cancer. Surveillance and Infection It is axiomatic that some element of host immunologic crippling must be accepted as the price for success after renal transplantation. As a consequence, there is a definitely increas-ed incidence of the kind of infection you see in Fig. 1. Shown is the brain of a heart recipient who died 4 months after operation. The lesion was caused by the fungus, Asper-gillus Fumigatus. The sequence of events lead-ing to this death could be envisioned as one Fig. 1: Fungus brain abscess in a patient who died more than four months after combined c::trdiac and renal transplant:ltion. 204 in which the recognition of the kidney as "non-self" was deliberately prevented and that the surveillance of a variety of inimical antigens was coincidently and unfortunately lost. Surveillance and Malignancy In the foregoing example, the weakening or loss of surveillance was to fungi or bacteria. It now seems established that the same thing applies with tumors. In 1968 we reported the first examples of this complication from the iatrogenic immunosuppression of renal reci-pients. At that time an informal tumor registry was established in Denver. Contribu-tions to this registry have been made from virtually every major transplantation center in the world. By last December, neoplasms in 74 renal recipients had been compiled from our own program or else submitted by other groups to this registry. In addtion 1 patient had developed a carcinoma of the stomach follow-ing heart transplantation. The incidence of this complication is truly amazing (Table 1). Table 1: Malignant Tumors in Renal Homograft Recipients (University of Colorado Series) Number of patients Number with tumors Incidence Number of deaths in first 4 months Number of patients at risk Corrected Incidence 352 16 4.5 0/0 66 286 5.6% It is not possible to give accurate figures based on the world experience since the exact number of malignancies and the numbers of patients at risk at various postoperative times are not known. However, there are accurate figures from our own renal transplantation senes. In this experience, as of last December, there were 16 patients who developed malignant tumors in 352 renal homograft recipients with potential followups of 6 months to 91/2 years. This incidence of 4.5 % does not reflect the true frequency of post-transplantation neo-plasia since 66 patients died of a variety of other complications before the end of the fourth postoperative month. The 16 neoplasms devel-oped in the remaining 286 patients for a parti-ally corrected incidence of 5.6010 (Table 1). The rate of tumor development in these young patients (31/2 to 49 years, average less than 30 years) compares with the yearly incidence of 58 per 100,000 (0.058010) in the general popula-tion in a comparable age range. Even if the half dozen skin tumors are excluded, which is sometimes done in compiling such cancer risk statistics, the corrected incidence of malignant disease in our series is still extraordinarily high. Now to turn to the world collection. Forty four of the tumors in the world collection were of epithelial origin (Table 2). The most common Table 2: Malignant Tumors in Organ Homograft Recipients (World Experience) Types of tumors I. Epithelial tumors 44 Skin tumors 11 Carcinoma in situ of cervix 8 Carcinoma of lip 8 Lung tumors 4 Hepatoma 2 Miscellaneous carCInomas 11 epithelial tumors were carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri (8 cases); squamous cell carcinoma of the lip (8 cases); and squamous or basal cell skin carcinomas (11 cases). Miscellaneous and generally more serious carcinomas made up the other half. The 32 mesenchymal tumors were a much more homogenous group in that 28 were varieties of lymphoma including 21 examples of reti-culum cell sarcoma or malignant reticulosis. A variety of other sarcomas are listed in Table 3. Table 3: Malignant Tumors in Organ Homograft Recipients (World Experience) Types of tumors II. Mesenchymal tumors Reticulum cell sarcoma Lymphoma Kaposi's sarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Synovial sarcoma 32':-21 4 3 2 1 1 ,:- Includes a patient with 2 tumors - a reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain and a Kaposi's sarcoma of the skin. Now we would like to say something about the behavior of these neoplasms. In the world collection, the mesenchymal tumors occurred in a younger average age group than the epithelial lesions, 35 versus 31 years. These mesenchymal tumors occurred relatively early, postoperatively, at an average of 21 months after transplantation compared to the some-what longer interval of 35 months with the carCInomas. A number of epithelial tumors were of low grade malignancy and could be cured with standard therapy. Of the 44 patients in this group, more than half are currently alive in-cluding almost all those with skin, lip, and uterine cervical carcinomas. In contrast, the epithelial malignancies within the thorax and abdomen tended to be rapidly lethal. Both of our patients with tumors in these locations have died and the same is probably nearly completely true in the world experience. Similarly, there has been a dismal prognosis with the mesenchymal tumors inasmuch as only three of the 32 patients is still living to our certain knowledge (one patient each in Denver, Galveston, and Israel). All of the kidney reci-pients in the subgroup of patients who develop-ed reticulum cell sarcomas died within a short time, usually as the direct consequence of the tumor. Reticulum cell sarcoma most commonly involves the hematopoietic system and invasion of the brain in the non-immunosuppressed patient is uncommon. Amongst the 21 trans-205 plant reCIpIents with this diagnosis, there was invasion of the brain in ten and in seven cases the brain was the only organ involved. The brain was also involved in other kinds of lymphomas. Fig. 2 shows the gross appearance of reticulum cell sarcoma in one of our kidney patients who died almost 51/2 months after transplantation. The liver has been the second most commonly involved organ in these patients with reticulum cell sarcoma. The patient whose 206 Fig. 2: Tumor nodules in the left occipital lobe and cerebel-lum. The flattened gyri rc-fleet increased intracranial pressure caused by rcticulum cell sarcoma. Fig. 3: Disseminated reticulum cell sarcoma in a renal homo-graft recipient in our series. This 5 em nodule was one of several found in the liver. The patient was never treated with ALG. liver is shown in Fig. 3 died of sarcomatosis almost 3 years post-transplantation. Etiology We would like now to turn to some specific questions of the etiology of the de novo malignancies in these immunosuppressed reci-pients, conceding at the outset that the tumors did not predate transplantation and that they were not systematically transplanted along with the organs from donors suffering from cancer. Were these neoplasias caused by ALG as has sometimes unfortunately been stated? The facts are summarized in Table 4. So far, a unique contribution of anyone of the indi-vidual immunosuppressive measures has not Table 4: Malignant Tumors in Organ Homograft Recipients Immunosuppressive Measures Azathioprine Prednisone Antilymphocyte globulin Splenectomy Thymectomy Thoracic duct fistula 75 cases 75 cases 21 casesD~ 30 cases 5 cases 2 cases * 2 patients received ALG after the appearance of the tumor. been evident. All 75 patients in which the information about treatment is available re-ceived azathioprine and prednisone, 30 under-went splenectomy, and 5 had thymectomy. Twentyone received antilymphocyte serum (ALS) or globulin (ALG) but in 2 of these patients there was evidence of the tumor before ALS treatment was begun. Before the onset of the diagnosed tumor growth, many of the patients had had difficulties with homo-graft rejection and in an effort to control this process had received increased doses of Im-munosuppressive agents, especially steroids. Instead of indicting anyone of the individual immunosuppressive agents, the data we have collected indicates simply that malignant dis-ease is a general complication of immuno-suppressive treatment. Furthermore, its fre-quency, in our judgment, is apt to reflect the effectiveness with which treatment has been delivered. A summary statement would then be that the malignancies are an effect of iatrogenic immunosuppression with a conse-quent loss of the immunologic surveillance mechanism by which tumor mutants are nor-mally detected and destroyed. Fig. 4: Pneumoencephalogram in a 20-year-old woman who had been treated with renal homotransplanta-tion a few months previously. Progressive hemi-paresis had developed postoperatively. A mass was found, protruding into the right lateral ventricle. This was biopsied with stereotaxic apparatus and found to be a lymphoma. Acceptance of the surveillance hypothesis as the indirect explantation for post-transplanta-tion neoplasia does not exclude a variety of specific etiologic factors which could directly cause malignant transformation of cells. These could include a toxic effect of the actual immunosuppressive agents, carcinogens (such as tobacco, ultraviolet light, or irradiation) in the environment, or oncogenic viruses. Con-cerning the last possibility, it is of interest that infections by the Herpes family have been very common in transplantation recipients. Two hu-man strains of this virus, the Epstein-Barr and Herpes hominis II, have been found to be commonly associated with although not neces-sarily responsible for Burkitt's lymphoma and uterine cervical carcinoma respectively. 207 Treatment Before closing, it might be worthwhile to say something about the treatment of these malig-nancies in transplant patients. The epithelial malignancies of the skin, lip, and uterine cervix were successfully treated by standard surgical techniques without risking the homografts by arbitrary reductions in immunosuppression. The "deep" malignancies have not been effecti-vely treated with this approach and led or contributed to death with carcinomas of the thoracic and abdominal organs and with mesenchymal tumors. In these latter cases, it may be advisable to lighten or conceivably even stop treatment. The patient shown in Fig. 4 is an example. She had a lymphoma of the basal diencephalon which was treated with local irradiation. In addition, her immuno-suppression was drastically reduced despite of which rejection of the renal homograft did not occur. She is in excellent health 5 years after transplantation and 41/2 years after the diag-nosis of the tumor. References Penn, I.: Malignant Tumors in Organ Transplant Recipients. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1970. 2 Starzl, T. E., Penn, I., Putnam, C. W., Groth, C. G., Halgrimson, C. G.: Iatrogenic alterations of immunologic surveillance in man and their influence on malignancy. Transplantation Reviews, Vol. 7, 112-145 (1971). 

Immunosuppression and Neoplasia.

Starzl, TE

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Immunosuppression and neoplasia

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Immunosuppression and Neoplasia.

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