Brophy, Timothy R.

Pauley, Thomas K.

Liberty University Digital Commons

Liberty UniversityDigitalCommons@LibertyUniversityFaculty Publications and Presentations Department of Biology and Chemistry2006Eurycea cirrigera (Southern Two-linedSalamander). Gill MorphologyTimothy R. BrophyLiberty University, tbrophy@liberty.eduThomas K. PauleyFollow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/bio_chem_fac_pubsThis Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology and Chemistry at DigitalCommons@Liberty University. It hasbeen accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Liberty University. Formore information, please contact scholarlycommunication@liberty.edu.Recommended CitationBrophy, Timothy R. and Pauley, Thomas K., "Eurycea cirrigera (Southern Two-lined Salamander). Gill Morphology" (2006). FacultyPublications and Presentations. Paper 64.http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/bio_chem_fac_pubs/64White Clover (TrifoliulII repells). The coverboard (30 cm x 46 cm x 5 cm). installcd flush against the topsoil. was one of 20 white oak boards within the pasture. The covcrboard was 54.9 III from the nearest rock outcrop and 45.7 m from the nearelit woodland habitat. Surface temperature under thc coverboard Wllli 12.7°C. Searchcs of all habitat within a 150-m radius of the coverboard and all othcr boards within the pasture revcalcd no :ldditional A. Of'llel/S. Additionally. no A. aellelt.~ were found whcn all covcrboards in the pasture wcre re-samplcd on 15 October 2004. Although mating in WClit ViftJinia populations of AlleicJes ael/ellS occurs primurily during May-June. thc timing of our obscrvation coincides with a sccondnry brecding pcriod that is thought to oc-cur in Scptcmbcr-October (Cnntcrbury and Paulcy 1994. J. Hcrpctol. 28:431-434). Our obscrvation is significant liS it docu-mcnts dispersal of 1\. aellel/.~ across non-forested. repcntcdly dis-turbed hnbitat previously considcred unsuitablc for thc species. Our obscrvntion also suggcsLo.; thc possibility that :lrtificial cover objects might facilitatc dispcrsnl of A. al'I/f!/IS betwcen rock out-crops by providing suitablc microcnvironmcnts or refugia within otherwise harsh. open h .. bitats. Submitted by nREANNA L. RIEDEL (e-mnil: bricdcl@uwsp.edu). KEVIN R. RUSSELL (e-mail: krussell@uwsp.edu).CollegeofNaturaIResourees, University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point. Stevens Point. Wisconsin 54481. USA; W.l\IARK FORD, USDA Forest Service. Northeastem Research Station. P.'lf,<;ons. West Virginin 26287. USA (e-mail: mford@fs.fed.lIs); ilnd H. \Y. GODWIN. USDA-ARS Appilla-chian Fanning Systcms Research Centcr. 1224 Airport Road. Ben-ver. West ViftJiniil. USA. DESMOGNATllUS MONTICOLtl (Scal Salmnander). ARBO-REAL BEHAVIOR. On 15 August 2004. ca. 1345 h. an ndult male Deslllogllatlllls //Iomico/a was found under the bark of a Yel-low Buckeye tree (Aesclt/u.~flal'(l) C:1. I m above the ground and 4 III from the water of Indian Creek. Unicoi. Unicoi County. Tcn-nessee. USA (N36'10.572'. W82" 17.884'). DeslllogIIClrlllfs //Iomico/a is gcnerally associated with streams and is known to ascend wet rocky stream banks (Dodd 2004. The Amphibians of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. University ofTcnncssce. KnOXVille. 283 pp.). Nocturnal climbing. especially during ruin. has been noted for othcr De.mlOgllat/lIIs specics (Hairston 1949. Ecol. Monogr. 19111:47-73; Hairston 1986. Am. Nat. 127:266-291; Pctranka 1998. Salamandcrs of the United States and Cmmda. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington. DC. 587 pp.). How-ever.to our knowledge. this is the lirst record of arboreality in this specics and the lirst record of any Dt'smogllalfl//.~ using an arbo-real diurnal rctreat. The individunl was collected under Tennessee pennit number 1920 issued to Maxim Shpak and is dcposited at Yalc Peabody Muscum of Nalurul History (YPM 10037). Submitted by GREGORY .T. WATKINS-COLWELL. Ynle Peabody Muscum of Natural History. 170 Whitncy Avenue. Ncw Havcn. Connecticut 06520. USA (e-mail: gregory. watkins-colweU@yale.edu);andTWANA.LEENDERS. Depllrtment of Biology. Sacred Hcart Univcrsity. 5151 Park Avenuc. Fairlield. Connecticut 06532. USA (e-mail: lcendersa@sacredheart.cdu). EURl'CEll CIRRIGEIltl (Southern Two-lined Snlamander). GILL MORPHOLOGY. Because larval two-lincd salamanders (Eurycea bi.dilleClfa complex) typically inhabit lotic environments (Pctranka 1998. Salamanders of thc United States nnd Canada. Smithsonian Inst. Press. Washington. D.C. 587 pp.).lilllc is known about illlerdcmic variation in larval morphology. Hcrein we rc-port on interdcmic variation in gill morphology for E. drriRera larvae from southcm West Virginin. USA. larvue wcre collcctcd seasonally (ApriI1994-January 1995) from Fitzpatrick's Branch. an intemlillcnt. lirst-order stream in Cnbcll CouIlIY. Wcst Virginia (Brophy and Pauley 2002. Maryland Nnt. 45: 13-22) nnd Trump-Lilly Pond. n smllll farm pond in Rnleigh County. West Virginia (Brophy and Pauley 2001. Herpctol. Rev. 32:98-99). Captured Inrvae were :mesthctized in chloretonc. fixed in a 4% formalin solution. and prescrved in 70% eth:lIlol. Thc following me:lsurements wcre made on the left side of ellch Inrva using a dilisecting microscope and ocular micrometcr: Fimbria length (FimL) -Icngth (mm) of longcst limbria on 3'" gill arch; Fimbria width (FimW) - width (mm) midway lliong FimL; Rachis length (RnchL) -length (mm) of rachis on 3n.l gill areh; and Number of fimbriae (NumFim) -total number of fimbriac on 3n.l gill areh. All cimmctcrs were stnndardizcd for body size by regressing ellch vnri-able against SVL nnd using the residuals ill statistical proccdures (Atchley et al. 1975. Am. Zool. 15:829;Atchley et al. 1976. Syst. Zool. 25:137-148). Larvae within ench site were grouped ncross seasons (N = 95 for each site) ;md two-tniled Student's t-tcsts on the residuals wcre used to detcrminc whethcr differenccs in gill morphology occurred bctween !:Irvac from different habitats. Differenccs ill gill morphology wcre vcry app:lrent bctwccn lar-vae from pond and stream habitats. In geneml. pond Inrvae had relatively !:lftJcr gills and a greatcr number of fimbriae than their stream countcrparts. Mean valucs ofthc residu:lls for FimL. FimW. Rachl. and NumFim were significantly different bctwcen pond and stream larvac (p < 0.0001 and df= {88 in :111 cnscs; FimL: t = 10.01: FimW: t = 9.67; RachL: t = 9.62; NumFiIll: t = 5.78). Mean residual vnlucs of pond i:lrvac (positive) were greater than thosc of strenm Inrvne (negative) for nil gill chamctcr.~. Causes of interdemic vnrintion in gill morphology are unknown in this cnsc. but flllure studic.<; should investigate dissolvcd oxygcn levels (Bond 1960. Dev. BioI. 2: 1-20: TImmcnnan and Chnpman 2004. J. Fish BioI. 65:635-650). temper:tture (Smith 1990. Ecology and Field Biology. 4th cd. Harper Collins Publ. New York). larval :lctivity mtes (McFnrlnnd et:ll. 1979. Vertebmte Life. I" cd. Macmillan Publ. Co. Ncw York. 875 pp.). nnd ion concentntlions (TImmennan and Chapnmn. 01'. dr.) as potentinl causal fnctors. We thank Michcle L. Brophy. Peter A. Kramer. nnd Jnmes W. Bnrron for their nssistance in the ficld and lab. All specimcns wcre collectcd under WVDNR permit numbers 19-1994 nnd 52-1995. mid voucher specimcns wcre depositcd ill the West ViftJinin Bio-logical Survey collcction at Marshall Univcrsity (WVBS 6879-6921). This study was partially funded by n rescarch grant to TRB from thc Marshall University Graduate Studcnt Council. Submilled by TIMOTHY R. BROPHY. Depnrtmcnt of Biol-ogy and Chemistry. Libcrty University. Lynchburg. Virginia 24502-2269. USA (e-mail: tbrophy@libcrty.cdu); and THOl\IAS K. PAULEY. Department of Biological Scienccs. Marslmll Univer-sity. Huntington. West Virginia 25755-2510. USA. Herl'rl%giC(l1 Rel'iell' 37(2,.2006 197 EURYCEtl CIRRIGEIM (Southern Two-Lined Salnnmnder). COLORATION. Herein we report a leucistic larvnl EllryCf'Cl cirri!wm (24 mm SVL) collected in northern Rnleigh. North Caro· lina. USA (35.8599°N. 78.6733°W; WGS84/NAD83) on 27 May 2004. This individmll is believed to be the second obsermtion of n leucistic Eflryct'l/ cirrigem. Typicallnrvne nre gold in color with extensive dnrk mottling. The leucistic individual lacked most pig· ll1entntion. exhibiting a transparent. cream colomtion with faint omnge und light brown speckling. The individual was classilied .IS leucistic because of the prescnce of brnssy eyes with dark pu-pils. instead of the unpigmented eyes of an nlbino. The light eol-omtion contmsted markedly from other nonnni individunls; how-ever. similnr size. development. nnd behnvior were observed. We believe this is the second report of a leucistic E. drrigC'1'(l in North Carolina or elsewhere. Review of liIes and reexmninntion of an adult female considered albinistic by Pnlmer and Braswell (1980. Brimleyana 3:49-52) supports calling illeucistic using cur-rent terminology (Bechtel 1995. Reptile and Amphibian Vnrinnts: Colors. Patterns. and Scales. Krieger Publ. Co .. M.liabar. Floridn). Although the frequency of leucism is unknown. repeated sampling of 45 sites in Wake County. North Carolin:l. USA produced 866 observations of E. cirrigem larvue, including 58 observations at the site where this specimen was collected. No other leucistic in-dividuals were observed. In addition. only one similar specimen or record of this color variant is presellt in the North Carolina State Museum of Nnturul Sciences (NCSM) collection. which doculllents over 9000 specimens of E. bis/illC'lIlt/ complex from throughom the state. The larva was believed to be one-year old nt the time of collection und was lab reared through October of 2004 without metamorphosing. The individual is catalogued as NCSM 66443. Submitted by J. E. MILLER. Department of Forestry. North Curolina State University, Box 8002. Ralcigh. North C:lrolina 27695. USA(e·mail:LmiIler@ncsu.edu);andA.L.BRASWELL. North Carolina Stute Museum of Natural Sciences. Research ulbo-mto!)'. 430 I Reedy Creek Road. Raleigh. North C:lrolina 27607. USA (e-mail: Alvin.Braswell@nclllail.net). ANURA A1'ELOGNA1'IIUS PA1iWONICUS (NCN). DIET. Within the life histo!), of a species. knowledge of its trophic hubits is essen-tial to draft a conservation strategy. Ale/og/wlllIIs /JlllagolliC'us is an uquutic frog endemic to the endorheic pond system ill Laguna Blancu Nntional Park und the surrounding nrea in northwest Patagonia. Argentina (Cei und Roig 1968. Physis 27:265-284; Gallardo 1962. Neotropicu 8:45-68). It is categorized as "Endan-gered" (IUCN. Conservationlnlenmtional. und Nature Serve. 2004. Global A mphibiun Assessment. <www.globalmnphibians.org.>. 13 Dec 2004). Two forms of A. /U/tllgOIliC'U.\' have been recognized: "uquatic" and "littoral" (Cci and Roig 1968. op. cit.). TIle "aquatic fonn" has I:lrge interdigitalmembmnes und highly developed cu-taneous folds 011 its tmnk and thighs. The "littoral form" lacks these features. The "aquatic fOfm"makes up the lurgest part of the populntioll. and lives under submerged rocks. The "littoral form" lives out of the water. some distance uway from the ponds. TIIC species has disappeured from the largest body of water in the sys-tem (Luguna Bianca. 1780 1m). und is currently rc..<;tricted to 15 bodic..<; of water sm .. ller than 60 ha (Cuello. unpub!. datu). The disappearance of A. plllllgOllicus from Laguna Blanca has been linked to the introduction of PaciclllllYs coll///(/piellsis (Perea) and salmonids in the mid·I960s. These species rapidly colonize ponds and feed on u variety of nquatic organisms (Ferriz 1989. Iheringia 69: 109-116: M:lcchi et al. 1999. Ecol. Freshw. Fish 8:227-236), Here we report the tirst qualitative aud quuntitative datn on the diet of the "aquatic fonn" A.,Jll1tigollicus. The study was conducted during the austml summer (January 2001) in Lnguna del Hoyo (39°00·36"S. 70025'48"W: cn. 1400 III ele".). n pemmnent pond in Laguna Blanca National Park. This pond has u surfnce area of 381m. and a perimeter of 2.69 kill, 40% of which is rocky. providing all optimal habitat for the frog. A large variety of aquutic arthropods. mainly amphipods. thrive un-der the rocks. The rooted macrophyte Mil'iopltylllllll fJlI;IC'II.~e, co-lonial Nostocaceae :llgae nnd Iilmnelltous algue arc well·devel_ oped in the pond. Nine "uquatic fOOl]" 11. p(ilago/liclls were cap_ tured by hand. immediately elllhanized •• lIld fixed ill 10% fonna_ lin. Body length ranged from 27.1--40.5 mm. Menn body length wus 33.4 ± 2.5 nun for malcs (N = 5) :lIld 33.55 ± 2.1 mm for females (N = 4). The diet wus unulyzcd by exumining the digcs. tive tracts (stomach-small intestine). Prey wns identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. TIle individual volume of each prey item and the number of prcy itcms per digestive tmct for each prey catego!), were recorded. Frcqucncy of occurrence of each taxon was calculated as number of digc..<;\ive tmcts in which a certain taxon was found. divided by total number of digc..<;tive tracts examined. The largc intestine was analyzed quulitntively to ob-tain additional information. The diet of the "aquatic fonn" of A. l}(llagolliclI.~ was made up of aquatic organisms of phylum Arthroplldu. The food consisted of three prey categories found in the stomaeh·small intestine und two mlditionnl prey cutegoric..<; found ill the hlftJe intestine. The diet was domin:lted numerically and voiumetricnlly by mnphipods of the genus HyaleUa (87.7% nnd 92.2%. respectively). Hy(/lclla was the mosl frequent prey. found in 100% of the frogs. Addi-tional prey cutegories found in the large intestine were caterpillars and insecleggs. From 2 to 19 prey items were found per frog. Size nmged from 2 to 12 mill. The mean length of prey body was 8.1 ± 7.1 nun :lIId the mode was 7 mill. Medium-sized prey was the most numerous and consisted almost exclusively of HYllit'lla. TIle diet of the larger frogs had the widest range of prey size and the greatest number of food categories. Coleoptcm and Hemiptem made up a second:l!), food source. TIle feeding pattern of 11/dogl/mlllls P(/I(/golliCIIs "aquatic foml" is a consequence of the microh:lbitat where it lives. Shallow water with a high density of aquatic vcgetation. where invertebmtc rich· ness is usually high. ennbles food selection. As a result of our observations. we speCUlate th:!t the frog shows prey selection. sug· gested by its high consumption of:unphipods. We huve noted that frogs in ponds adjucent to Laguna del Hoyo tcnd to feed on am· phipods. Furthennore. from unpublished data uvaihlble for com' parison (Muzzllchelli 1991. Informe Finnl del Programn Relcvmniento preliminar de I:ls comunidades acuaticns del Parque Nacional Laguna Blanca. Unpub!' Report to Administraci61l de Parqlles Nacionalcs. Delegncion Tccnica Regional Pntagonica. San C:!r1os de Bariloche. Argentina. 13 pp.) we know that amphipods were the dominant food item in Perea diet in the c .. rly 1990s in 198 Hap,·tol{}gicaf R"I'if'1I' 37(2).2006 

Eurycea cirrigera (Southern Two-lined Salamander). Gill Morphology

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