Príspevok sa zaoberá tematikou bezpečnosti pri používaní
požiarnych výťahov, konkrétne svojimi požiadavkami na ich
označenie a prevádzkovanie. Nato, aby sa tieto výťahy mohli zaviesť
do budovy musia spĺňať stavebné, konštrukčné a iné požiadavky,
keďže zlyhanie pri ich nezastavení môže mať nepriaznivý vplyv na
životy zachraňujúcich, ale aj okolitých ľudí. Súčasťou príspevku
je analýza a posúdenie rizík v uzavretých priestoroch požiarnych
výťahov pomocou grafu rizika.The paper deals with the theme of safety in the use of fi re
elevators, specifi c requirements for the labelilng and operation. In
order the bring these elevators into the building, buildings must
meet construction, design and other requirements, as failure to do
so may have an adverse effect to rescue, but also the surrounding
people. Part of the contribution is to analyze and assess the risks in
the closed premises of fi re elevators using the risk chart

Nagyová, Marta

Tomašková, Marianna

English

DSpace at VSB Technical University of Ostrava

 15SPEKTRUM 1/2017Ing. Marta Nagyovádoc. Ing. Marianna Tomašková, PhD.Technická univerzita v Košiciach, Strojnícka fakultaLetná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakiamarta.nagyova@tuke.skAbstraktPríspevok sa zaoberá tematikou bezpečnosti pri používaní požiarnych výťahov, konkrétne svojimi požiadavkami na ich označenie a prevádzkovanie. Nato, aby sa tieto výťahy mohli zaviesť do budovy musia spĺňať stavebné, konštrukčné a iné požiadavky, keďže zlyhanie pri ich nezastavení môže mať nepriaznivý vplyv na životy zachraňujúcich, ale aj okolitých ľudí. Súčasťou príspevku je analýza a posúdenie rizík v uzavretých priestoroch požiarnych výťahov pomocou grafu rizika.Kľúčové slováBezpečnosť, hasičské jednotky, požiarny výťah, riziko.AbstractThe paper deals with the theme of safety in the use of fi re elevators, specifi c requirements for the labelilng and operation. In order the bring these elevators into the building, buildings must meet construction, design and other requirements, as failure to do so may have an adverse effect to rescue, but also the surrounding people. Part of the contribution is to analyze and assess the risks in the closed premises of fi re elevators using the risk chart.KeywordsSafety, Fire units, Fire elevator, Risk.IntroductionAs the population increases, there is a need for fi re elevators which are of great importance for the safe and rapid evacuation of persons, and are also extremely important for incendiary fi re brigades. In the past, this issue has not been addressed due to the low occurrence of high-rise buildings, but today the importance of fi re lifts is rising sharply. Although there are several dozen high-rise buildings above 60 m, in Slovakia it is not known to exit a building that would have two fi re elevators or one evacuation and one fi re elevator at the same time.Fire elevatorFire elevators, Fig. 1, there is a technical equipment reserved for the transport of fi re units as well as fi re fi ghting equipment. From this elevators, fi re brigades have to be secured to all fl oors of the planned intervention. The elevator must be located in a protected escape route, properly protected and fully under the control of fi refi ghters or other authorized persons. It is also secured by power supply from two independent sources, which is the main difference between a classic elevator and a fi re or evacuation elevator. A evacuation lift is also considered a fi re elevator. [2]The protected escape route is understood as a separate part of the building, which forms a separate fi re section that is protected by building elements and other protection from other spaces. This part of the building is intended primarily for safe fi refi ghting of fi re units but also for safe evacuation of persons. Buildings are equipped with the necessary elevators, according to their type or need, From the point of view of fi re protection, fi re and evacuation elevators are equipped according to the relevant technical standards. Failure of any part of the lift or insuffi cient number of fi re and evacuation lifts may have adverse consequences. [2]Requirements for fi re elevatorsFor proper use and operation of fi re elevators, it is necessary to create a number of technical measures. Failure of any part of the elevator or insuffi cient number of fi re and evacuation elevators in buildings with increased fi re risk can have adverse consequences for both life and property. [3]The technical requirements are divided into three basic areas:• requirements for building solutions,• ventilation,• electrical requirements.However, experience and experience show that two more new requirements are needed to effectively operate fi re elevators, namely:• requirements for the size and design of the elevators,• human factor requirements. [3]Requirements for the construction solution concern the allocation of an evacuation or fi re elevator shaft to a separate fi re department. In such a shaft, a maximum of two fi re or evacuation elevators may be located. The shafts of these lifts can not be shared with the ordinary elevators. If hydraulic equipment is used to drive the elevator, then these fl uids must be non-fl ammable. [3]The project documentation states that the evacuation lift function is performed by a fi re elevator, which closes this case and does not address its need. The necessity of installing two fi re elevators in buildings over 70-90 m is necessary because of the higher incidence of people, which prolongs their evacuation time.Each elevator consists of the main parts, which are shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1 Fire elevator and it's parts [6]Požiadavky na bezpečnosť pri používaní požiarnych výťahovThe Requirements for Safety in Use of Fire Elevators 16SPEKTRUM 1/2017Fig. 5 Car interior options for fi refi ghter elevators [7]Operation fi re elevatorsFire elevators and their illumination must be connected to two sources of electricity, both primary and secondary (contingency, emergency, spare), Fig. 6. The replacement source mus be suffi cient to start and operate the fi re elevators. [5]Fig. 6 Example sources of electricity for fi re elevators [5]Analysis and risk assessment in confi ned spacesThe life of elevators, whether personal, evacuation, fi re or other, is very low due to a non-compliant technical site. If we look at this from th elater outdated period, it can be said that they corresponded to the level of safety. Security is evolving every year and brings new systems to reduce the level of risk to the current state of safety. [1]Fig. 7 Risk chart with an indication of the required level of risk [1]Development of fi reFire elevatros in buildings also have an important function. They facilitate the fi refi ghting of fi refi ghters in the upper fl oors of buildings by delivering them quickly and effortlessly to the site of fi re, thereby effectively using their forces for extinguishing. [4]When hitting the stairs fi re fi ghters would get very exhausted and the output would take too long. It is also their advantage to easily transport even heavier fi re-fi ghting devices such as hoses or automatic breathing apparatus. This will leave the fi reman enough energy to perform rapid intervention. From the mentioned time-heat curve of the fi re development, Fig. 2, it can be seen that the fi re in its beginning can be more quickly and easily quenched due to its low temperature. In the case of a full-fl edged fi re, the fi re-extinguishing action and the number of incendiary fi refi ghters are involved. [4]Fig. 2 Time-heat curve development of fi re [4]Safety marking of elevatorsEach lifts must be marked with a pictogram in the elevator car and the elevator shaft door. The fi re lift must be marked with the pictogram shown in Fig. 3. The label is used in a combination of symbols, texts and various dimensions. It allows use with fi re control unit and serves for fi re intervention. The pictogram is places in a visible place nest to the elevator control and on the given fl oor, with the assumption of the intervention of the fi re units. To compare the difference between the fi re and the evacuation elevatros. The evacuation lift is indicated by a similar pictogram, but instead of the red color the green color is used, and instead of the fl ame is a running person, Fig. 4.         Fig. 3 Fire elevator [5]          Fig. 4 Evacuation elevator [5]KONE has complete solutions for refi nement elevators to meet specifi c customer requirements. Fig. 5. A fi re service elevator can be used as a normal passenger elevator even if it has the additional protection, controls and signalization to enable it to be used under the direct control of the fi  refi  ghter. [7] 17SPEKTRUM 1/2017Reference[1] SINAY, J.: Bezpečná technika, bezpečné pracoviská - atribúty prosperujúcej spoločnosti. Košice: TU, 2011. 264 s. ISBN 978-80-553-0750-3.[2] STN EN 81-72 Bezpečnostné pravidlá na konštrukciu a montáž výťahov.[3] SALVOVÁ, V.: Zásah hasičských jednotiek a evakuácia osôb z ohrozených priestorov prostredníctvom požiarnych a evakuačných výťahov: Diploma thesis. Košice: TU Faculty of mechanical engineering, 2016. 66 p.[4] SLAŠŤAN, R.: Požiarne a evakuačné výťahy: Bachelor thesis. Zvolen: TU Woodworking faculty, 2014. 47 p.[5] SALLUT, M.: Zabezpečovanie evakuácie a zásahu hasičských jednotiek požiarnymi a evakuačnými výťahmi. Diplomová práca. Zvolen: TU Woodworking faculty, 2010. 77 p.[6] Odborné prehliadky [online]. [cit. 2016-10-11]. Available on the Internet: <http://www.bp-myjava.sk/index4_2.htm>.[7] KONE Solution for EN81-72. [online]. [cit. 2017-2-3]. Available on the Internet: <http://www.kone.se/Images/factsheet-kone-elevator-en81-72_tcm27-31305.pdf>.The identifi cation, assessment and risk assessment are made they are currently using many methods. One is alos the „risk chart“ which is a graphical output for risk assessment. Coming from so called. Decision tree, where each node of the graph represents a certain quantity, the risk arameter and the graph direction represent the degree of severity of the parameter. [1]Risk cahrts illustrate and describe the individual risk parameters that allow them to dexide how to reduce them to the desired level, Fig. 7.Tab. 1 Parameters for risk assessment [1]Tab. 2 Risk calculation using the spot methodThe risk graph as shown in Tab. 2, than fi re elevators and hance evacuation elevators belong to a group where MR - medium risk.ConclusionThe importance of fi re elevators is increasing due to the construction of higher buildings. Therefore, these elevators are subject to specifi c requirements. The project documentation lacks the participation of fi re protection specialists in th eimplementation projects and then submission of documentation to the competent fi re and rescue authority, whereas the introduction of fi re elevartos can not only rely on the availability of fi re elevarots and fi re ventilation without verifi cation by functional tests.S Severity of injury / damageS1 small injury (easy injury, reversible), e.g. scratches, cutting wound, bruiseS2 serious injury (e.g. usually irreversible, including death, secession or tingling of limbs)F Frequency and / or time of threatF1 twice or less for working hours (rarely) or shorter than 15 minutes exposure (short exposure time)F2 more than twice for work change or loger than 15 minutesO Possibility of preventing or limiting damageO1possible under certain conditions (e.g. if the parts move at a lower speed as 0,25 m/s, workers are using personal protective equipment)O2 not possibleDanger / Threat S F O IR LRThe heat of sulfurisation into the shaft / machinery space (electric elevators shortcut option)2 1 1 c MRDo not protect or block the elevator (prevention of fi refi ghting) 2 1 1 c MRDraining the water into the shaft (electric short) 2 2 2 e HRFighting in the fi rehouse (elevator failure) 1 2 1 b MRThe construction structure is twisted (rather than fi refi ghters ending the liberation of people) 2 2 2 e HRInsuffi ient or incorrect placement of fi re elevators for fi refi ghting in a building (fi re brigade) 1 2 1 b MRDisturbance or malfunction of the switchboard (elevator failure) 1 1 1 a LRInvalid marking of manual elevator control (latch lock) 1 1 1 a LRPower supply failure (elevator disability) 1 2 1 b MRThe presence of harmful combustion products (inhalation of burns from evacuated persons) 2 2 2 e HRDrive with incorrect stopping accuracy (stopping the elevators on the mezzanine) 1 2 1 b MR

The Requirements for Safety in Use of Fire Elevators

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The Requirements for Safety in Use of Fire Elevators

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