Fil: Torres, Pablo R.. Area de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Cicchino, Armando Conrado. División Entomología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Abrahamovich, Alberto H.. División Entomología. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Nuñes, Jorge L.. Area de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Abrahamovich, Alberto H.

Cicchino, Armando Conrado

Nuñes, Jorge L.

Torres, Pablo R.

Naturalis

Ztrs¡rrnnrt'tt[¿tssu ngcltichzeitig nrit clt,nl lr.rsclreinc'n cler lilcine wt:itlt'stcch[lit:gt'irr Argt:rrlini0n (ll¿rt,¡n¡rl0llitr irril¿rns irrit¿rns) irn, Olittlllcr 1991,begnnn tnan gcwisse Schliclen ant l{inderrleder in (ler Gerberei ln-dultrie lestzu.stellen, nrit clen wirtschaltlichen Verlusten clas die-ses zuf liolgr. hattr,. Iru lJt,strcben clie Art rlcs Schadcs zu ernrit-teln t¡nrl rlic lJewantltlieit zwisclle n tlclll Stich dt:r |licgc aul'tlcrHarrt unrl rler]l l:-ntlscll¿rrlCn ant Vcrarheitt:tetl trntl ll¿tlll¡vcr-arbt-itctt:n k'tltlr fcstzustt'llerl, farltl t:inc StLrdie slatl' dic vcr-Sclrit:rlt,nt:ll Irlcol>aclttungs tt't:ltlliht'lt attl'rlt'trt l;tlltl rtnrl illl [;rbo-nrlorirllr zrrr liolgr, ltlrtlr'. Ilt lctztt'rt'r llt'ltt¡tztt' tlt;tlt lit¡tlvc¡ttiotlcl-lc'l'r'clrnilicrt rlt:r tlikroskrrpiscltt'n O¡ltik urrtl dt'r ll¿rstt'r-rlt,litr0rriscllt,rr \,liliroslio¡lit,. I)it'sclrlitlt'rt ltn¡ l,r'rlt'¡ llt'stt'ltt'rl itrvt'rt'ittzt'ltt'tl rr(lt'r zrtsiltlltllt'rlgt'[a[]tt:rl kratt'rfiirrttigt'lt Vt'rlctztl¡l-gcn o<lcr klc'irrt' l,(ie htrr tlcrcn l-¡lkalisic:rtrng nlit tltn bevorzttgtt'nii,,h,,- ,rnrl Nirhrrrngs irulnuhr.nc ¡tllitzt' tlit)scr lilicgtt iibcrt:irrstilll-nlt,n, rl.lr., anr l(l.t.rrz, ltticliClt urrrl rlt:r I-eistt'ngegerttl. [)a rlic A¡r-zirlrl tlt,r Scliittion iillt'rlr¡Lrpt l<cin Vt'rhiiltrris ztt rlcr Allzahl d¡'raultrctellrlrn hlcint' \vr.irlr,stt:clrlliegc anl lclrcntlcrl 'l'icr zcigt'kann rler Sclr¿rcleli tlas l:)r'gcInis vi¡lt'r lrilltt'rc'in¿rntlt:t' Ltllrl ttellt'lt-einancler crfolgtr,r Stichc st.in, orier rlul'c'lt Millrtlbt'nanstcchtlttgocler lieicles zttglcich.Darnage in tlre skin and leatheréáuseá by the Jrorn flY (4iPtera:fnuscldael ¡n ArgentinaTorres, Pabto R't; Cicchino, Armando C'2; AbrahamovlchAtberto H.2 and Nuñes, Jorge L''1 Area de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias'Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UBA' Av' San Martín5285 (1417) Buenos Aires, Argentina'2 Researchers of CONtCET. Dto. Científico deEntomotogía' Museo de La Plata' Paseo del Bosque(1900). La Ptata. Pcia Bs As, Argentina'SunrnrarySittttttult:tttt'ottsly lo thc' al)p(rilritllc(f of tlrr: llorti lly(l'laenll¡tobia irritarts irritans) in Argentina in Octoller 1991' altcrv lirnrl 0f rlt,lect was ftrun<l in tht¡ cattk¡ leathcr by tlrt'tlomestictarrrring intltrstry with the resulting econotltic lrlsses' In orcler tcrcll.ra.ltcrize the typc ,l injury a.<l t<l detertnine a relation be-twe¡rn tlie bitts of the ht¡rn fly on the shin anci the final darnage tcrl)rocr'ssc(l tttirl sr:nti-pr<lccsscd lr:atltcr, a stutly was carried oulill;rt i.elrrrir.rl rliili,rt''l .5servati.nal tccllnic¡rtt:s in the fierld and intlrt,l¡lrrr¡rl6ry. \\'ithi¡ lltt: lt'¿ttt¡r, ct¡nvt:tltiollltl 6¡ltical tttic16st:()-¡,y iitr,l ,('.t,,trr'i¡g t'lt,ct¡9rr ¡)iqrosc()l)y rvt'11 ttstrtl.'l'ht'rlcIlt't'ts irliltc lc¿rtll,,r t'0nsist 0f isoluterl or coalescenl cratcr-likc lcsions orlirrl. [9llc,rvs rlistriIrrtt,rl cqinciclent with the prt:ferccl artlas olrtstirrg atrti k,t:rling 0[tllc ]lorn fly on lhc livirtg anintal, tlrat is trrstrV, tlrr.rvitlrt,rs, blrt'k iillrl groitl. As Iht: nultlllcr oItlefr:cts do rtolcc,r-rcs¡,,,ncl 1o tlle nttttll¡rrr of ltorn flies prt:sent in the living ani-llral, tltt, rlt,llt,ct nlav ltt' the result tlf scvcr¿il continttous and atlja-t:tnt ltitcs 0r tltt, nricr-0ltian c()ntamin¡rti0n of sonlc bitcs, or llotll.I trtrotlut'tionNleny ar.tlrro¡rorls irfli'cting catt.lt. lravc llt:ctl ittvolvcrl irt ¡lro-:^-tliflt,rt.rlrkirrt]srlItlattragtlintlrtsliinwllicltllrt,rt'llt't'tt'tlNUNES. J. Lin llrt, llrrisltcrl lt'¿rtllt,r rcstrltirrg irr t'corr0nlit' krsscs itt thc tanningirlrlL¡s{rv ('l irttt'otts et ¿rl. l1)5f)).'l'lrt'tleli't:t ll¡ts llcett cl¿rssified as"¡ritting", rrtaking rcfttrt:ttce to the ctlnscc¡tlcnces in thc leather as¿r r('sult r¡l llt<'¿tetiorl rtf ticks, nliles, fl('as, licc antl llics (Koeppenl99r).Sinlultaneously to the appearance of the horn fly, Haematobiairritans irritans (L. 17{-:U), in Argentina in October 1991, a newkinrl <ll'rlcft.ct w¿rs Í0t¡lrrl in tlrt: cattle lerather by the clontestic tan-ning intltrstrv.[)ue to thc lack of information regarcling this cle'f'ect in Argenti-n¿r, anrl cottsitlt'ring tliat tlre t:xport of cattle leathi'r representsir¡r¡rroxittt;tlt'ly')."1X, t¡f tlrt' t<¡t:rl Argcntinr'"s ex¡lorlatitln(Sccrctaria lnrltrstril y Corllt:rcio Extcrior Argentina 1990)' thel)rtrlx)s(,01'lhis rt'st:at'clt rvorl< wítS to sttldy ¿ln(l ('llÍlrilclerize thistlt'lirct in tllt'skin itrltl lt'aLhcr.Materials. ancl McthodsI - Ani¡nals, l"rt¡tlt a grotll) <tl'ilO t-ows ancl sterers at a catllerirneh in tht.: Norlllwcst ol santa I.'e ¡:rtlvince (Argentina),5 ani-rnals wcrc killccl antl llreir skins relnovecl ancl cut along the dorsalmiclcllc linc into two ¡rañs. All the aninrals were of the Ilrangusbreed, al¡out two to five years olcl ancl naturally infested with horntlics (l Iat-'rnatobia irrit¿rns irritans). Sample of these flies were col-lectecl for iclentification ancl stucly. The animals were not affectedneither by any other external parasite nor dermal disease.Half of each skin was preserved in salt for tanning and the oth-er halves were inspected, some areas cut into stripes and fixed inglutaraltlc-hicle (3.117u in water) for further inspection and process-ing for histologic examination.2 - I-eather. The salted preserued skins were tanned usingthe traclilion¿rl industrializing methods. I3oth semi-processed andfinished leather were studied.a. lns¡rection of the surface: The surface of the leather was in-spectecl with the naked eye, using stereoscopic microscopy andthrough a Scanning lilectronic Microscopy (SEM). Iror the SEM,thc leather t:uttings were air dried under a bell, metalized with¡rallatlirrnr goltl and obscrvctl un(ler Íl StiM Jeol .l.S.M. -100.b. 'l'ransversal cuttings: the leather was cut involving the de-fccts found and inspectcd using traclitional optic nricroscopy.3 - Skin. lhe fixed stripes of skin were included in parafñnan(l scctione(l at 8 ptm, dyed with hernatoxylin-eosin, mounted inCanacla balsam slides and examined under a light microscope(lt'n¿rnlctl 2, Carl Zeiss.lena).4 - Horn flies. Ii'lies collected fronl the animals of this exper!ence were insJrec:tetl for ¡trecise iclentification ancl their mouthparls sturlicd throrrgh a SIIM. Filr this ptrrpose, the tliers were crit-ical poirrt rlricd, nretalizetl and observcd under SIiM,'[-ht'ir bt:havit¡r with reference to tlre host (areas of preference,nunrber ol flies per aninral, time of day) was monitored.All typcs of obser.¡ation were tlocumented wilh photographs.l> -'l'annery. Several lanneries were visited in order to checktlrc sinrilarities oi the defects, their tlistribution in tlte leather andthe ir [rcc¡uency lnd possible seasonality.'l]e study of frequencylurtl s,'rrsotl¿tlily lrre slill itt ¡lrttgt'rss.xxil CONGRESSO TULTCS - 16 A 20 DE NOVEMBRO DE 1993 - PORTO ALEGRE (BRASTL)ResultsI - Animals. The animals were naturally infested with about20O1000 horn flies per animal preferentially distributed on tht:withers, back, belly and groin (figure 2b). Besides, other animalsin the same ranch reaclred higher levels of infestation with thesame distribution patterns (flgure 2a).2 - I-eather. a. Surface: at inspection, craterlike lesions antllittle hollows were observed with the naked eye (ligure 4).lhesewere distributed in the regions corresponcling to the withers arlclgroin of the living animal as shown in {igure ll. 'lhe number ofdefects fountl was not in relation to the numl:er of horn fliespresent in each animal.Looking at them more closely, they appearetl as if they havcbeen "pittecl", with the resulting change of the hair direction (li¡¡-ure 5b).b. 'lhrough the ordinary optic microscopy, the depressiottswere seen as depressed areas ofweakened tissue. lhe change ofhair direction is again manifestecl (llgure 6a).3 - Skin. Observed with the nakecl eye, no significant lesionswere seen. Onlv slight changes in tlre color and <lrientati<ln <lf thehair was cletectccl. It sct:ntrtl lrirsutt' lntl slightly liglrtcr in tlrrrarea of the withers. Similarly, at the depilatccl skin, no irnpofantchange was observed.Microscopically, no healing process was founcl, but eviclencesof the fly injury were detectecl. 'l'here was a difluse eosino¡rhil in-filtration in the dermis (figure 6c) and in the muscular tissue be-lorv the skin (figure 6d).'ltrere were light tlegettcrativc changesin the hair follicles (figure 6b).4 - I'Ionr flies.'l'he flies wt:re ct¡ttlirnlt:cl to ltt: Ilacnlatolliairritans irrit.ans. Its mouth parts are rrrodified into a piercing or-gan named proboscis or haustellum (figure la,b).'Ihis organ iscomposed of the large ancl prominent labium with two short api-cal labellae (figs. la,b,c), the labrum (lr) and the hypopharynx(h) (fig. la,b). These are sclerotized components apt to fix theproboscis, to tear and to suck blood from the host's integument.The saliva is injected through a narrow tube fornrerd ty thestylettiform hypopharinx, while the lllood is tlrown u¡r ttl Lhc gutthrough a wider tube fornled by tlre inncr fact: <lf the lallrttttl anclthc dorsal facc of lhc hypopharinx (llarrrlt't 1{)77, Cragg l1)ll}).5 - Tannery. 'Ihe clefects obscr.¡etl in rlil'ferent tannt'ries wercmorphologically similar ancl shown iclentical morphological pat'terns as the ones reported here.Dicussion and Conclttsir¡ns'fhe new type' of defect founil in the leather can llc attribttted tothe mechanical and enzymatic action of the horn fly on thc sl<in.'llle host responcls ines¡recilically against tlle llicchanical actionan inumologically against different protcins oI the saliva.With regartls to the rnechanical action of tlte ht¡rrr fly, it is ac-complished by the proboscis, which tear thc host's irltcgutllent inorder to reach the capillar thread, injecting saliva, containing anti-coagulant agents as well as small quantitives of digestiveenzimes. Those already detectcd in saliva art: tlrc glucoliticenzimes $glucosidase, a,-glucosidase (Hori et al. l9Ul) and 0-galactosiclasa, the amino¡lepticlasr: ltttrcine, tht: phtls¡rltlrtasesacid, alkaline and phosphoamidase , ancl the esterases C4, CU andC14 0ipase) (Kerlin & Hughes 1992).On tlre other hanrl, rlif{erent conlponents of t}rc saliv¿r inclucethe inrntune response of the host as evidt'ncecl by high levels ofsentm antiboclies against saliva proteins, inimediate hypersensi-tivity ancl increasecl peripheral blood eosinophil nurnl>i.rs (l{erlin& Allingham 1992),'lhc eosinophil infiltration found in this strrdy conñnns theprescnce of an inrmediate hypersensitivity, bLrt in sanrr: way, thisrcsponsc woulcl be inhibitccl in natural l1y inlcstutions irs lheinllamatory process was not fully tlevclopecl accorrlirrg tu ourmacroscopical and microscopical exanrintirins.With reference to the defects founcl in the leathcr, much krwernumbers of "¡rittings" were founcl than woulcl be cx¡rectrrl accord-ing to the numbcrs of horn flies ¡rresent on the anirrtals. Il wc con-sicler that [here wt're at least 200 horn flies ¡rer ¿rnintal, ¿rrtrl t'achhorn fly bites aboul iJO tinles Jrer tlay (l-larris l!)7.1), thirt nlc:rnstllat each anirnal woultl ret:ive at least (j000 l¡itcs ¡rt:r rla¡,. As nosucll number of "pittings" rverc founrl in llre leatllers cxrtnlincrl,each pitting would bc the result of several continuous antl aclja-cent bites or the microbian contantinatiott of sonle ltites, or l¡oth.AcknowledgemenLsWc tlrartl< "l)on Alll'ctlo" t'itnclt, tltc t;tttttt't'y l-t'licilo S.4., Ctrtl-pers l'itnran-Moore ancl the Cl'l'ljC for their assist¿tnce arltl alsoDr lileonora Hscarlata and I)r Gabriel I)alvit fronl the Area of Pa-thology ancl 13iologic Chemistry (liCV-UllA) rcs¡reclivc'ly' lbr theirhelp in the histologic images.ReferencesBaudet J. L. 1977. Les pieces buccales de Stomoxys calcitrans L. etde Lyperosia irrtans L. (Diptéres piqueurs). Morphologie atfonctionnement. Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Ouest Fr.75(1):21-29.Cragg F. W. 1913. Studies on the mouth parts and scking apparatus ofthe blood-sucking Diptera. Scient. Mem. Offrs. ned. sanit. Deps.lndia (N.S.)60: 1-56.Harris R. L., Miller J. A. & FRAZAR E D. (1974). Horn llies and stableflies: feed¡no activitv. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 67: 891-894.Kerlin R. L & Alliñgham ÉC. lgsz. Acquired immune response ofcatlle exposed to buflalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua). VelParasilol 43 115-129.Kerlin fi L. & tlughes S 1992. Ertzynres in saliv¿t fro¡n lour parasiticarlhropods Med. Vcl l--nlomol 6 1:21-126.Koeppen R 199 1 Or"¡atllillt:altorr ol ltide clc'lecll; or) loci¿ly s Icalher. J.Arr. Chetrt. Ass. 86: 8-13.Secretaria de Comércio Exterior Argerllrna '1990. Bolelirr de la CExp. Arg., S L C - Funcjcación Banco de Bostorr, N.r39,TancusS J, J., Roddy W. T, & O'FLAHER f Y ti. 1959. Chaper 3,D.nma qe-eaUs,ei1 !y .pat ag{e! p l-l h e, I Ly-i ag-al im a L l n I S k i n, H i d eand Leather Defecls, pp 43-63 Pflnted by The Western Hillsfrublishinq Conrpany, Ohio.545TORRES. P R CICCHINO. A. C -ABRAHAMOVICH A H NUNTS J. Lh7,l7lallrun't, pa. p.l/¡,r:r pb. prottrlsc:tj; (,1 /ars¡o/ll//tlr-_-It!t'tl),1',tit: ¡ ¡,'1t ,'546XXII CONGRESSO IULTCS * 16 A 20 DE NOVEMBRO DE 1993 - PORTO ALEGRE (BnAStL).'\I1Figure 3. View of a chrome tanned leather half showing differenl areas damaqed and not damaee(l by lhe horn |ly a rteck ar¡clwithers, b. fore neck, c; grorn, Q. back547l_oll¡Esr P R CICCHINO, A C ABRAHAMOVICH, A. H.. NUNES, J. L.lrir ti:': I .,¡t6..,'fclt"-*i¿ i ,- ". ,r'.trH{1t¡\ JrüP' r il;:"flF,¡Jutt:.1 i't;,;1.,,/¡,ri.,|,, a.if lhe exlcrr)al sUrface of fintshed le¿¡lhcrr showtnq the c.lanages caused by Haemalob¡a ¡rrtlans trrttansu.t't!l'¡ tl¡i1t,/('/r/ irr,1r¡ri:iti.1l,rtr):; Ili'r.'/i'x/ lLtr t¡.':7tli¡¡;¡¡1¡¡¡1548XXII CONGRESSO IULTCS - 16 A 20 DE NOVEMBRO DE 1993 - PORTO ALEGRE (BnASrL)v7'._a \¡,'&-.""t"549TORRES. P. R CICCHINO. A. C ABRAHAMOVICH. A. H. - NUNES, J L.tÁII)9t/lFieurr; (i I l;\li)ti1t i i: i'¡t!i¡n!.i!', ¡t! l¡.:;1¡lt¡¡ (a) :¡n11 5ktr.t (ll. c:lltt: t!,lttt,tr1L'itl ,¡,ttl !l¡,'t:li,1tt(lt't¡l l¡,t¡t ttt¡t:¡¡ ¿lltttt¡ (h). l.¡sltt¡ltlly ¡lt'rlt:t¡t't,tlt tl lt'¡tt lt¡lltt lt; (l)). t)()::ttltt¡tltrl (e) ttt!illr,5s0cl) ,t il¡¡¡l¡ i':Ltlljttq eli; tl I lttn :;()(:ltr'!i:; ()ltlti)tt u) llt('(lt'tItu:; ((;)utir;laincd leather showtn{t the \4/eakcnecl tissue ol:;ktt¡ :;l¿tittr:rl wtll) hantaloxylrn aostn show¡nct a:1nd ul ll¡tl ntuscul{v lissutr bc:bvrz lha sktn (d)

Damage in the skin and leather caused by the horn fly (diptera: muscidae) in Argentina

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