A research to assess the interaction of nitrogen sources and doses of N in the growth and production as well as physiological effects of corn plants has been conducted in the Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Indonesia. The research uses two sources of nitrogen namely NO3- (potassium nitrate) and NH4+ (ammonium sulfate), and doses of N (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha). The results showed that the dose of N fertilizer significantly effected on plant height, CCI, NR, CGR and weight of corn cobs. The interaction between the source of N and the dose of fertilizer N significantly effected on CCI, NR, and CGR, however, it had no significant effect on plant height and weight of corn cobs. The dose of N as much as 150 kg per ha resulted in plant height, CCI, NR, CGR and the highest cobs, respectively 82.33cm, 2.43, 84.3 umol, 18.87 g/day and 3538.2 g per plot.





Keywords: sweet corn, chlorophyll content index, NR, CGR, cornco

DARMAWATI, Adriani

KUSMIYATI, Florentina

PURBAJANTI, Endang Dwi

ROESSALI, Wiludjeng

SLAMET, Widyati

English

Diponegoro University Institutional Repository

      2016 2nd International Conference on Food and Environmental Sciences (ICFES 2016) IPCBEE vol.81 of IPCBEE (2016) DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE. 2016. V92. 4.  Differences in Crop Growth Rate , Chlorophyll Content Index and Nitrate Reductase in Source N of Sweet Corn  Endang Dwi Purbajanti1+, Florentina Kusmiyati2 , Widyati Slamet3, Adriani Darmawati4, Wiludjeng Roessali5  12345 Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, Diponegoro University, Tembalang Campus, Semarang, Indonesia 50275,    Abstract. A research to assess the interaction of nitrogen sources and doses of N in the growth and production as well as physiological effects of corn plants has been conducted in the Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Indonesia. The research uses two sources of nitrogen namely NO3- (potassium nitrate) and NH4+ (ammonium sulfate), and doses of N (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha). The results showed that the dose of N fertilizer significantly effected on plant height, CCI, NR, CGR and weight of corn cobs. The interaction between the source of N and the dose of fertilizer N significantly effected on CCI, NR, and CGR, however, it had no significant effect on plant height and weight of corn cobs. The dose of N as much as 150 kg per ha resulted in plant height, CCI, NR, CGR and the highest cobs, respectively 82.33cm, 2.43, 84.3 umol, 18.87 g/day and 3538.2 g per plot.   Keywords: sweet corn, chlorophyll content index, NR, CGR, corncob  1. Introduction        Sweet corn (Zea mays L.) is a member of the Poaceae family. Corn is from Mexico [1]. Corn is the third major cereal crop after wheat and rice. Corn plants have an assortment of uses, namely as food, for industry of processed production and as animal feed. Corn has many types of cultivars and different plant ages have different tolerance to different environmental conditions. In production of plants, nitrogen can be in the form of NO3-N and NH4-N because the plants absorb N in the form of NO3-N or NH4-N [2]. The ability of N uptake by the plants vary considerably during the plant growth. On the ground with sufficient N, N plants accumulation is strongly associated with plant growth and accumulation of biomass [3].      Nitrogen is the main nutrient, it is a constituent component of amino acids, peptides and proteins, chlorophyll, nucleic acids and many cofactors and plant defense compounds. At the majority of higher plants that grow in good aeration soil, nitrate is a major source of inorganic nitrogen. Nitrates in the plant turn into nitrite, and ammonium, before assimilated into amino acids, in a highly complex series of reactions in cells and tissues [4].  Nitrogen (N) is a macro nutrients which is essential for the plant, but it is quite expensive to be fulfilled and may result either in unfavorable environmental conditions. An estimation of 50-70% of a given supply of N is lost and cannot be used by plants [5]. Nitrogen (N) is the most important limiting nutrient for plant growth and the availability of N, therefore, it simply acts as a key factor to the healthy increase in agricultural production [6]. It was considered to be the most important factor since it plays several important roles in the metabolism and regulation in plants.      Nitrogen is easy to evaporate and leach in the soil. In relation to N uptake by plants, plants utilize nitrogen in the form of nitrite and ammonium. Nitrogen uptake by plant roots and its translocation is primarily in the form of nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) and amino acids. Plants absorb nitrogen based on their nature and preferences. The forms of inorganic N, ammonium and nitrate, are both easily available to plants but they have different reactions in the soil. Different sources of nitrogen will affect the uptake by plants. KNO3 is a provider of nitrogen fertilizers in the form NO3-, while AS (ammonium sulfate) is a provider of nitrogen in the form of NH4+. In addition to "the predilection" of plants ability to absorb nutrients N is affected by pH and the presence of other elements that are antagonistic or synergistic with nitrogen. The study aims to investigate the response of corn plants towards different types of nitrogen source. Based on that reason, specifically the targeted results through the course of this research was to study the interaction of nitrogen sources and doses of N in the growth and production as well as plant physiological effects of sweet corn. 2. Materials and Methods        The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Indonesia during the dry season months of August to December 2014. The research location has Oxisol soil types with clay soil texture, soil pH of 6.7, a 0.12% total N content, total P of 0.10 %, 0.22% of K total and C content of 0.99%. The research of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata) was performed using 24 experimental plot size 2 x 2 m2, with a spacing of 50 x 50 cm so that each plot had 16 plants. The research used 2 x 4 factorial design that is repeated 3 times. Factor I : a source of nitrogen (NO3- (potassium nitrate) and NH4+ (ammonium sulfate). Factor II : nitrogen fertilizers, ie 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N/ha.      Each plant obtains fertilizer of N, P and K with the appropriate treatment dose of N, P fertilizers as much as 50 kg P2O5 per hectare and K as much as 50 kg KCl per hectare. Micro-nutrients are given in the form of liquid fertilizer of about 5 ml which are dissolved in one liter of water and sprayed onto plants at the age of one week after planting. The parameters of the experiment are the plants height, chlorophyll content index (CCI) which was performed on the fifth leaf from the tip of the plant, the activity of nitrate reductase (NR), crop growth rate and weight of cobs.       Corn plant height is measured from the ground to the highest end. Chlorophyll content index (CCI) is the ratio of chlorophyll a and b, measured using a CCI meter. Analysis of nitrate reductase activity is carried out in accordance to [7].  Corn cobs harvested are then weighed. Corn stover is the straw of corn that is crop yields of corn with the cobs taken.  CGR parameters based on the dry matter = (W2, dry matter harvest – W1, seedling dry matter)/t2, time of harvest- t1,time of planting [8].       From the observation of parameters analyzed variance and orthogonal polynomials. If there are differences continued with Duncan multiple range test according to [9]  3. Result and Discussion  3.1. Result      ANOVA results indicate that the N source significantly effect on plant height, CCI, NR, CGR and weight of corn cobs. Dose of fertilizer N significantly effect on plant height, CCI, NR, CGR and weight of corn cobs. Interaction between the source of N and N fertilizer dose significantly effect on CCI, NR, CGR but had no significant effect on plant height and weight of corn cobs.       Nitrogen source in the form of nitrate results in the corn plant height of 27.96% higher than the nitrogen source of ammonium form. CCI using the source of nitrogen as nitrate is 35.93% higher than ammonium. Nitrate reductase (NR) value with a source of nitrogen as nitrate is 8.26% higher than ammonium. Crop growth rate due to the use of nitrate form of nitrogen sources is 14.51% higher than the ammonium form. Crops of cobs due to the use of nitrate form of nitrogen sources are 14.27% higher than N sources in the form of ammonium(Table1).                 Table 1. The effect of N dose and sources of nitrogen on plant height, CCI, NR, CGR and                                 corn cobs yield.                                                      The doses of nitrogen increased the plant height of 13.6 to 36.08% due to the increasing amount of nitrogen dosage treatment used from 50-150 kg N per ha compared with no N (0 kg N per ha). CCI of corn increased along with the increasing of nitrogen doses of 50-150 kg N per ha which is in the amount of 24-66% compared with no nitrogen. The nitrate reductase activity decreased with the increasing of nitrogen doses given, namely 56% (50 kg N/ha) to 8% (150 kg N/ha), compared with no nitrogen. The crop growth rate of corn increased with the increasing of nitrogen doses of 50-150 kg N per ha, which is in the amount of 18-32% compared with no nitrogen. The weight of corn cobs per plot increased with the increasing of nitrogen doses of 50-150 kg N per ha, as much as 27- 53% compared with no nitrogen.      The amount of CCI, NR and CGR increased with the increasing dose of nitrogen fertilizer either in the source of nitrogen in ammonium or nitrate forms. The increase of N fertilizer dose of nitrate from 50-150 kg N per ha increased 30% to 77% of CCI amount. The increase of N fertilizer doses of ammonium form increased CCI by 17% (50 kg N per ha) and 54% (150 kg N per ha). N source in the form of nitrate with increasing doses of 50-150 kg N per ha lowered NR by 65% (50 kg N ha-1) and decreased by 11% at a dose of N as much as 150 kg N per ha, while ammonium increased from 42-131%. Although the corn plant height and weight of corncobs value go up, they did not statistically show a significant different. 3.2. Discussion       The physiological nature of plant is influenced by the interaction of nitrogen doses and forms of N sources, while the growth and weight of cobs do not show significant interaction between nitrogen doses and forms. Of the type of N source, nitrate gave a higher value on all parameters observed compared to ammonium. This is in line with the research of [4] showing that the majority of higher plants that grow on well-aerated soil used nitrate as a major source of inorganic nitrogen. N increased Source Plant height (cm) CCI NR mol g−1 FW.h−1. CGR g.day-1 Cob (g.plot-1) Nitrate      0 54.33  1.08 def 40.85 f 9.76 de 1360.0 50 58.33 1.40 cd 67.27 d 11.03 d 1829.3 100 62.00     1.62 c 77.37 c 14.90 bc 2579.3 150 75.67     2.86 a 85.50 a 21.37 a 3843.7 Ammonium      0 66.67     0.84 f 35,96 f 8.37 e 1360.0 50 79.33 0.98 ef 51,13 e 10.30 d 1611.7 100 85.33   1.30 cde 79,43 bc 13.77 c 2036.7 150 89.00 2.00 b 83,13 ab 16.37 b 3232.7       Nitrate 80.08 a 1.74 a 67.58 a 14.27  a 2403.08 a Ammonium 62.58 b 1.28 b 62.42 b 12.20  b 2060.25 b       Nitrogen Dosage      0 60.50 c 0.96 c 38.07 d 9.07 d 1360.0 d 50 68.83 b 1.19 c 59.20 c 10.67 c 1720.5 c 100 73.67 b 1.46 b 78.40 b 14.33 b 2308.0 b 150 82.33 a 2.43 a 84.32 a 18.87 a 3538.2 a dose caused an increase in all parameters, it is clear that N dose could be increased to get the cob’s increasing production and better growth.        Nitrogen is a constituent of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll does not only affect photosynthesis, but also participates in the color of the fruit, which is an important index for fruit ripeness. During the development of the fruit, the color changes from green to yellow or red are associated with the reduction of chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation. Chlorophyll content can be influenced by the biosynthesis of chlorophyll, interconversion and degradation of chlorophyll a / b. In addition, it was observed that the chlorophyll binding conditions also influence the degradation of chlorophyll. Therefore, chlorophyll metabolism consists of four main sections: the synthesis of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a / b interconversion, chlorophyll bond, and chlorophyll degradation [10]. Various levels of nitrogen are influenced by LAI, the amount of dry matter accumulation, and CGR, however, the plant height is not affected by different levels of nitrogen application [8]. The increasing doses of N fertilization improve the NR leaf (Table 1). N nutrient in the soil are taken by plants mainly in the form of nitrate ions (NO3-) and ammonium ion (NH4+), which of both forms, nitrate is at the most form [11]. The application of N fertilizer increases NR, it proves that most of the ammonium ions released by urea in the soil transform into nitrate ions. The increasing number of nitrate ions in the leaf tissue will further increase NR. This is in accordance with the opinion of [12] that the higher the content of substrate nitrate in the tissue, the more increased the NR rate. Crop production is the result of photosynthesis, respiration and translocation of assimilates to plant dry matter. The production increased is directly proportional to the increase of relative growth and the net result of photosynthesis. Such result is similar to the research of [13] which showed that the optimal supply of nitrogen is very important to the dry matter and other parts of the plant. 4.  Conclusion         From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the sweet corn plant prefers nitrate compared to ammonium which is indicated by better plant height, CCI, NR, CGR, and cob weight than ammonium. The increasing doses of N fertilizer resulted in higher plants, CCI, NR, CGR, and cob weight, either in nitrogen source of nitrate or ammonium form.  5. Acknowledgement         The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support from the Diponegoro University . We would like to thank  the Department of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science , Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia for the research facility.   6. References  [1] Amin, M.E.H..Effect of different nitrogen sources on growth, yield and quality of fodder maize (Zea mays L.). J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci. (2011) 10, 17–23. [2] Samuel, A.L. and A.O. Ebenezer. Mineralization Rates of Soil Forms of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium as Affected by Organomineral Fertilizer in Sandy Loam. 2014, Article ID 149209, 5 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/149209. [3] Gastal, F.  and G. Lemaire. N uptake and distribution in crops: an agronomical and ecophysiological perspective Journal of Experimental Botany.  Vol. 53, No. 370, Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation Special Issue, pp. 789–799, April 2002 [4] Allwood ,J.W.,  S. Chandra, Y. Xu, W. B. Dunn, E. Correa, L. Hopkins,R. G. A. K. Tobin, C. G. Bowsher . Profiling of spatial metabolite distributions in wheat leaves under normal and nitrate limiting conditions.  Phytochemistry 115 (2015) 99–111 [5] Dresbøll, D.B. and K. Thorup-Kristensen. Will breeding for nitrogen use efficient crops lead to nitrogen use efficient cropping systems?: a simulation study of G3E3M interactions.Euphytica (2014) 199:97–117. DOI 10.1007/s10681-014-1199-9 [6] Singh, M. , M. M.A. Khan, M. Naeem. Effect of nitrogen on growth, nutrient assimilation, essential oil content, yield and quality attributes in Zingiber officinale Rosc. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2014) xxx, xxx–xxx  [7] Baroniya, S.S.,   S. Kataria, G. P. Pandey, K. N. Guruprasad. Growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in soybean varieties after exclusion of the UV-B and UV-A/B components of solar radiation. The  Crop Journal 2 ( 2 0 1 4 ) 3 8 8 – 3 9 7 [8] Mondal ,T.,  J. K. Datta , N. K. Mondal . Chemical fertilizer in conjunction with biofertilizer and vermicompost induced changes in morpho-physiological and bio-chemical traits of mustard crop. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (2015) xxx, xxx–xxx [9] Steel, R.G.D. dan J.H.Torrie. 1965. Principles and Procedures of Statistic. Wiley and Sons, New York.. [10] Gang Peng, Xiu-Lan Xie, Qian Jiang, Song Song, Chang-Jie Xu. 2013.  Chlorophyll a/b binding protein plays a key role in natural and ethylene-induced degreening of Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco).  Scientia Horticulturae 160 (2013) 37–43. [11] Marschner, H.. Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants. Academic Press. Inc. London. 1986 [12] Darjanto, Didik Indradewa, Bostang Radjagukguk, dan Taryono. Nitrogen utilization parameters of rice field genotype Agronomika Vol. 11, No. 1, Januari 2011 [13] Wajid,A.,  A. Ghaffar, M. Maqsood, K. Hussain and W. Nasim. Yield response of maize  hybrids to varying nitrogen rates . Pak. J. Agri. Sci., 2007. Vol. 44(2):217-220      

Differences in Crop Growth Rate , Chlorophyll Content Index and Nitrate Reductase in Source N of Sweet Corn

http://eprints.undip.ac.id/49865/1/VietnamEDP-edit_repository.pdf

Differences in Crop Growth Rate , Chlorophyll Content Index and Nitrate Reductase in Source N of Sweet Corn

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Diponegoro University Institutional Repository