Dokhanm, Acharya Sonam Gyatso

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Apollo (Cambridge)

THE THREE FUNDAMENTAL YANAS (THE SYMBOL OF ULTIMATE PATH) -Acharya Sonam Gyatso Dokhanm Unawareness generates a trouble and consequently the trouble generates innu-merable sutfering which gradually submerge the human life into the whirlpool of Samsara(worldly life) where one endures long term suffering for the sake of short term happiness. Ignorant about the eternal happiness and its paths, one clings to samsaric cycle oflife and indulge in its pleasure which is a breader of future sufferings. To escape from such a cycle of existence, three fundamental yanas were ini-tially preached by Lord Buddha which are widely known as MAHAYANA AND HINAYANA(Higher vehicle and Lower vehicle). But many among us are not well informed about the Yanas and as a consequence they wrongly interpret the same which put the people in misconception. Some are unaware ofthe fact, lodges baseless criti-cism to the nature of practice of highestform of yana(E.Doctrine) and directly or indirectly accumulate demerit by themselves. Therefore, in my opinion, those inter-ested person must have a basic knowledge on the different aspects of YANA. For instance, we the sentient beings of this mundane world have been swimming together in this vast ocean of Samsaric suffering from the time immemorial. But ignorance about the ultimate truth, many among us struggles in mid of the ocean, in temptation to hook a basket of fishes for the purpose of filling up their hungry stomach. Some desperately tries to find a gem for luxury forgetting the unknown danger of tempest that lied in the offing.And some among us, during this continuous swimming; got tired, became weary anxiously look for a boat to ferry themselve to the shore, aspir-ing for sigh of relief. Similarly, the YANA as illustratedin Buddhist theory of libera-tion of sentient beings from the suffering Samsara is like a boat. Mounting on this boat of Yanas one is at his own will to ferry himself to the shore of salvation he chooses. The word called 'RELIEF' is essential to each and every life even to smallest life-leach and lice. One cann~t endure suffering, trouble and tension all the time and desires to have a relief. Likewise, we are all enduring suffering life after life and desire to have a relief. And that relief is non other than salvation (Nirvana). To reach this one needs a Yana (vehicle). Therefore, we must know how to drive the Yana. INTRODUCTION THE Y ANA: which literally mean vehicle (Tib: Thegpa) is , in real sense a symbol of Path which leads to the place of great bliss or one's choosen salvation according to the Budhist doctrine. In the Sutra called 'Dues-Pa' the definition ofYANA is illustrated as follows: The Yana is like a space which is immeasurable 45 BIIlletin of Tihetulogy 1 <)9(1 The Yana is like an immense mansion where one obtains comfort and joy Mounting on this Yana, One escapes the suffering. Another source, the doctrine of Path( Lam-cllo) defines thus: 'Yema leads one to one's temporary or ultimate goal-the salvation'. Primarily there are two classes of Yanas: (a) The Yalla of Path (Lam) (b) The Yana of attainment (Deybu) And these Yallas may be categorised into two groups: (a) Worldly Yalla (Samsaric Yanas) (b) Non-Worldly Yamls (Adhyatmic Yanas) Now, the present subject is on non-worldly Yanas. This too can be classified as follows: (a) The Valla of Path (b) The Yana of attainment The nine category ofYanas according to Nyingmapa school are epitomized into these two classes ofYanas. However, to know the basic knowledge ofYanas we may start from the very begining. There are three fundamental Yanas: (Gyu-Tsenyi-kyi Theg-pa) viz: I. Sravakayana (Nyen-thod) 2. Pratyikabuddhayana (Rang-rGyal) 3. Bodhisattvayana (Chang-sems) These three fundamental Yanas are categorised into two stages viz: (I )Sravakayana and Pratikabuddhayana of Hinayana stage and (2) Bodhisattvayana of Mahayana stage. The purpose of setting up these two stages of Yana is to enable the Buddha to impa11 his teaching according to the mental level of his followers. (1) THE THEORY OF THE FOLLOWERS OF THE SRAVAKAYANA(HINAYANA-I) They firmly hold the belief of non-existence of the essence of the etemity of worldly matter. 'fhey also condemn the belief of the some heretic religion (rGyang-Phenpa) as to non-existence of the cycle of the natural phenomenon. For example, sometimes iln the situation of darkness, a rope lying on the ground is mistaken for a snake and thereby arises a doubt that there is a snake. With the help of light one ascertains that there is no snake but only a rope lying on the ground which looks like a snake. In this manner, one can eliminate the baseless doubt and asceltain the reality that one seeks. The Sravakayana firmlysholds the belief of the existence of the indi-visible practi~es( compare atom) of the physical and elementary objecsts viz; earth, water, fire and air etc. and also hold the belief of the existence of the essence of the sensual matter. The followers ofthis Yana profess themselve in ascetic life wearing yellow robes with begging bowl aspiring for self-liberation from the suffering Samsara. 46 Bulletin ojTibet%J!.Y 199H On the basis of these theories and practices, the Sravakayanas contemplate on four noble truths viz: (a) Truth of suffering (b) Truth of causation (c) Truth of cessation (d) Truth of path and thereby gradually attain their own salvational stages viz: (a) Gyunshuk (First stage) (b) Chhirhong (Second stage) (c) Chhirmihong (Third stage) (d) Dachompa (Final stage) 2. THE THEORY OF THE FOLLOWERS OF THE PRATYEKABUDDHAYANA (HINAYANA-II) The Pratyekabuddhayana's idea like non-existence of the essence of the eter-nity of worldly matter etc. are no different from the idea of former. the Sravakayana. However, in regards to the idea of existence of the indivisible particle of the physical and elementary matter, the Pratyekabuddha believes the partial existence of the said pat1icles in botl1 dementary and sensual matters. The proc~dure of attaining its salvational stage is unlike that of Sravakayana. He needs no tutor as he attains his salvational stage called 'Rangchhangchub' through the process of research and practiceon the cycle of twelve dependent origination (Tendrel chunyis), the different aspect oflife. His research for truth assumes from the cemetry.In the cemetry he finds bone pal1icles and thereby discovered a 'death', the twelveth depL:ndent origination. After careful study, he disovers that the cause of death is 'Old age or decay' and so 011 he finds the bil1h as a cause of old age or decay and conceiving as a cause of birth. In this manner he gradually discovers the causes step by step and reaches the root-cause of suffering i.e. unawareness (Tib: Ma-rig-pal. Now he realises thast the root cause of all the suffering is Ma-rig-pa (unaware-ness). On the basis of these theories and practices the Pratyekabuddha contemplates on twelve dependent origination in reverse manner and gradually attains its own salvational stage. which is considered superior salvational stage than the former, the Sravakayana. 3. THE HIEORY OF THE BODHISATTVAYANA (MAHAYANA) The Bodhisattva, in realized stage firmly hols the idea of non-existence of the essence in regards to worldly and nOll-worldly matters. At the time of unrealized stages, the Bodhisattva accepts the idea of exsistence of the essence of all the matters to the extend of magical phenomenon. To attain Bodhisattvahood they have to qualify themselve through the practice and contempla-47 IJIII/din ()(7ihe/ulogy I ()I)H tion on the Ten transcendental virtues (Ten Paramitas): (i) Ohan Param ita (charity), (ii)Shila Paramita (morality), (iii)Akshanti Paramita (Patience and forgiveness), (iv) Virjya Paramita (industry and assiduity), (v) Obyana Paramita (Meditation and con-templation). (vi) Prajna Paramita (wisdom), (vii) Upaya Paramita (means or meas-ure). (viii) Pranidhana Paramita (Prayer), (ix) Bala Paramita (tortitude or moral strellgth) ami (x) Jn3na Paramita (divine knowledge). There after they gradually at-tain Sa-bclI (the tell stages of saintly perfection) and reaches the staste of Bodhisatt vahood. Sa-bcu (Ten stages Hi) Rab-tu dga'-ba(bcautitude), (ii) Dri-l11a l11ed-pa (spotless purity), (iii) Hod-byed-pa (enlightenment), (iv) Hod-'phro-ba-can (illu-mination), (v) Shintu sByan-dka'-ba(unconquerable), (vi) Mngon-du gym-pa (salva-tion), (vii) Ring-du sang-ba (far-reaching), (viii)Mi-gyo-ba (immoveable), (ix) Legs-po'j blo-gros (righteousness), (x) Chos-kyi sPrin (spiritual cloud). TheBodhisattvayana, unlike the former two yallas, dedicates his life and pleas-ure for the sake of others or whole sentient beings and always pledged to deliver others from the suffering of Samsara. Therefore, this Yana is regarded superior to formers. The three fundamental Yanas as illustrated above from the Sutra path, which is said to be working on the level of the body and known as the path of renunciation. There are two moreYanas exist in Mahayana category Viz. (a) Mantrayan}l (Tib: sNgags-kyi Theg-pa), and (b) Vajrayana (Tib: rOo-lje Theg-pa). They are classified as supreme yanas which work more on Energy or 'Speech'. Again, th~y are classified in three stages- (i) Outer, (ii) Inner, (iii) Mystic or most secret .. And these Yanas con-tain the methods of purification and transformation. ' r hope this little contribution of mine may benefit the seeker for the truth of YANAS. 48 

The Three Fundamental Yanas (The Symbol of Ultimate Path)

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