In this paper, we use continuous urban structure instead of zonal model, try to calculateunbiased excess commuting with joint distribution of homes and workplaces developedby Vaughan (1974), and describe the relationship between urban structure and commutingdistance explicitly and theoretically for generalized home–workplace assignment pattern.We simplify the quadrivariate distribution model to a model with three important parameters:the spread of homes, the spread of workplaces, and the spatial correlation of homesand workplaces. Then we show that excess commuting and capacity utilization areexpressed by the imbalance and the spatial correlation of jobs–housing structure in a theoreticalcontext, moreover it explicitly evaluates targeting US and Japanese/Korean cities
