Vermeulen, Gert

Ghent University Academic Bibliography

www.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 20081A European Public Prosecutor’s Office,Established from Eurojust: Pro’s and Con’sProf. Dr. Gert VermeulenLjubljana, 30 May 2008 – Conference‘Protection of the EC Financial Interests and the Developments of European Criminal Law’www.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 20082Approach› largely personal standpoint› pro’s and con’s› EPP in general› EPP established from Eurojust (Lisbon-based)› only limited (new) detail› most likely historical ideas will be relied on› Corpus Juris› EC Green Paper/2000 proposal› issues having priority over establishment EPPwww.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 20083Traditional pro’s?› overcoming fragmentation criminal LE area› vs mutual recognition & approximation (difference retention)› + separate approach for PFI adding to fragmentation?› move beyond cumbersome/inappropriate methods› vs radical improvement traditional cooperation mechanisms› including reinforcement Eurojust (cfr Vervaele)› solve problem of inadmissibility of evidence› vs MLA Convention 29 May 2000› forum regit actum rule› JITs based on information sharing and admissibility› vs mutual recognition (free movement of) evidence› announced by EC in EM to EEW› Article 69A 2(a) Lisbon mutual admissibility of evidencewww.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 2008Lisbon-specific pro’s?› setting up EPP via closer cooperation (9 MS)› could be done under the current TEU as well (8 MS)› broadening to serious cross-border crime relatively easy› possible under current TEU as well› to be established from Eurojust› better than in parallel with it + guaranteed Europol-link› rules on functioning, procedure, admissibility of evidence and judicial review will be determined › necessary, including clear separation between administrative (OLAF) and judicial (EPP) investigations› if broader than PFI = general challenge current practice of neglecting purpose limitation & separation of powers4www.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 20085Traditional con’s?› disproportionality priority given to PFI› impact on available national LE capacity› concurrence with other (national) LE priorities› proposed legality throughout EU for PFI› conflicting with expediency principle in most MS› EPP concept conflicting with Eurojust option› hierarchical model vs ‘mere’ coordination model› top-down model vs bottom-up model› verticalism vs horizontalism› supranationalism vs intergouvernmentalism› = unfounded scepticism vs pragmatismwww.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 20086Lisbon-specific con’s› no gap analysis› added value vis-à-vis(reinforced) Eurojust?› for PFI› given Eurojust-OLAF cooperation› given possible participation OLAF in JITs (contested)› in general for serious cross-border crime› given new Europol and renewed Eurojust decisions› reinforced Eurojust: examples› EPP still requires unanimity (PFI + broader)› closer cooperation likely to create messy complexity› issues of jurisdiction choice and relationship with MS prosecutorial jurisdiction remain wholly unclearwww.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 2008Issues having priority over EPP (1)› database of pending prosecutions throughout EU› at least for Eurojust-mandated crimes› added value vis-à-vis Eurojust’s current CMS› preventing single MS prosecutorial initiatives› reinforced Eurojust: duty to inform (3 MS) + ENCS› relationship with Europol databases?› see possible integration ENU’s & ENCS’s› access to EU criminal records system› for finding out ne bis in idem situations (barring new prosecutions)› right to information re MS’ authorities envisaging to grant immunity from prosecution to collaborators with justice7www.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 2008Issues having priority over EPP (2)› urgent need for EU legal instrument on jurisdiction› to prescribe› to enforce + coordination› = one of principal unresloved EU criminal policy issues› of common relevance for EPP and (reinforced) Eurojust› brief comparison current state of affairs & IRCP proposals› 2001/GRP/025› ‘Finding the best place for prosecution’› inspired Eurojust to internally formalize ‘forum scoring’› see Eurojust annual report 20038www.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 20089Jurisdiction to prescribe› Article 31(d) TEU› preventing conflicts of jurisdiction› Article 69A(b) Lisbon: + settlement› to date: counterproductive efforts EU› regional universal jurisdiction in several instruments› CJ: European ‘territoriality’ not only for EPP, but also for national courts (EPP deciding)› GP: multiple fora, on basis of 1995 Convention PFI› IRCP: needs for future (asap)› MS must limit scope extraterritorial jurisdiction› concept territoriality may not be interpreted too extensively (particularly counterproductive to provide EU territoriality)www.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 200810Jurisdiction to enforce› ne bis in idem› traditionally limited to final sentences› to be extended beyond traditional limits› as required by the Mutual Recognition Plan› ne bis in idem effect also to be given to› irrevocable settlements preventing further prosecution› decisions other MS to prosecute: requires consultation› consultation process = rationale for setting up Eurojust› coordination role› missing = criteria for choosing the forumwww.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 200811CJ/GP: ‘effective’ administration justice› incompatibility CJ/GP› GP: ‘proper’ administration of justice, embracing i.a. principles of fairness and effectiveness (fn 142)?› 3 criteria› state where greater part of evidence is found› state of residence/nationality accused› state where economic impact is most important› judicial review› competence ECJ to rule on conflicts of jurisdiction› preliminary chamber ECJ› precluding right of parties to challenge jurisdiction choice in trial stage?www.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 200812IRCP: ‘proper’ administration justice (1)› no enforcement jurisdiction if ‘unreasonable’ (US example)› limitative list of potentially reasonable jurisdiction criteria› locus delicti (supra: not interpreted to extensively)› criteria 1972 CoE Convention & ‘Mutual Recognition Plan’› ordinary residence or nationality suspected person› where person is (planned to) undergo(ing) sanction› territory of concurrent proceedings against same suspect› location most important items of evidence› territory likely to improve prospects social rehabilitation› guarantee of presence suspect at court proceedings› territory allowing enforcement possible sentence› victim-related criteria› ordinary residence, nationality, origin victim› territory where damage has occurredwww.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 200813IRCP: ‘proper’ administration justice (2)› embedding in EU legal (3rd pillar) instrument› interpretation ‘territoriality’ not too extended› ne bis in idem effect to› irrevocable settlements preventing further prosecution› decisions other MS to prosecute, following Eurojust choice› principle of ‘proper’ administration of justice› reasonable enforcement of jurisdiction› limitative list of potentially reasonable criteriawww.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 200814IRCP: ‘proper’ administration justice (3)› judicial review› pre-trial stage› ‘praetorian’ development pre-judicial jurisprudence› by Eurojust; in establishing negative criteria› = prosecutorial guidelines (open to public)› possibility Eurojust to raise preliminary questions to ECJ›  on ‘interpretation’ 3rd pillar instrument› non-binding› development jurisprudence ECJ on jurisdiction issues› trial stage: same right for national courts› post-trial stage› ECHR (Article 6)?› ICJ The Hague (state-level): Lotus, Yerodia, …www.ircp.org    Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, Established from Eurojust – Ljubljana, 30 May 200815Discussion› …

A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, established from Eurojust: pro’s and con’s

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A European Public Prosecutor’s Office, established from Eurojust: pro’s and con’s

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Ghent University Academic Bibliography