Vermeulen, Gert

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Ghent University Academic Bibliography

www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 20101Mutual Recognition in Practice:SanctionsProf. Dr. Gert VermeulenSummer Course on European Criminal JusticeERA – Trier, 29 June 2010www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 2010Structure› systematic overview and assessment› antecendents, novelties and problems› according to sanction type, distinguishing between› financial penalties› confiscations› custodial sentences› including pre-trial detention and alternatives› disqualifications (below)› criminal records› taking into account of previous convictions› linking in with MLA, MR of disqualifications2www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 2010FD on financial penalties (1)› antecedents› 1970 CoE Convention Int‟l Validity Criminal Judgements› scope› a sum of money on conviction for an offence (fine)› compensation imposed in the same decision for the benefit of victims, where the victim may not be a civil party to the proceedings› a sum of money in respect of the costs of court or administrative proceedings leading to the decision› a sum of money to a public fund or a victim support organisation, imposed in the same decision3www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 2010FD on financial penalties (2)› 6 more offences added to traditional 32 MR list› conduct which infringes road traffic regulations, including breaches of regulations pertaining to driving hours and rest periods and regulations on hazardous goods› smuggling of goods› infringements of intellectual property rights› threats and acts of violence against persons, including violence during sport events› criminal damage› theft4www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 20105Confiscation crime proceeds› traditional conventions/treaties› FD confiscation 24 February 2005› confiscation crime-related proceeds, instrumentalities and property› approximation domestic law MS› major novelties: extended confiscation (reasonable suspicious period; property from similar offences; reversal burden of proof) + net-widening)› FD “European Confiscation Order”› mutual recognition-based› add-on to European Freezing Order› like it is the case with the EEW in the context of MLA› recognition confiscation corporate property› grounds for refusal essentially for „extended‟ confiscation› introduction mandatory asset sharing mechanismwww.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 2010Pre-trial detention and & alternatives› 2002 FD on the EAW and the surrender of persons› 2009 FD on supervision order› goal good but lack of clarity about scenario‟s (one or two)› 1st: person concerned in forum state› transfer to home state unregulated› back transfer through EAW guaranteed› even for offences to which EAW does not apply› 2nd: person already in home state› no explicit mention of scenario› whereas chief alternative to disproportionate use EAW› assessment: MR improves previous situation› no solid arguments for MR flanking measures6www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 2010Custodial sentences and & alternatives› 2002 FD on the EAW and the surrender of persons› 2008 FD on MR custodial sentences & depriv. of liberty› revisiting EAW for aut dedere aut exequi scenario› + new autonomous transfer of prisoner mechanism› buzzwords (official rationale)› social rehabilitation and succesful reintegration› however position prisoner/executing MS radically changed› antecedents:› 1983 CoE transfer of prisoner Convention + 1997 Protocol› humanitarian (1983) + escape/expulsion scenarios (1997)› assessment: MR creates new problems (infra)› 2008 FD on probation orders & alternative sanction› antecendents: 1964 CoE convention – assessment: good7www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 20102008 FD custodial sentences – problems (1)› as for pre-trial detention, be it even more relevant› differences in material conditions, health care, disciplinary regime, etc› executing MS can adapt, refuse to recognise or enforce a sentence if containing aspects which cannot be executed in accordance with legal system – Articles 8.2/8.3 & 9.1 (k)› incompatibilities concerning duration and nature› adaption according to sanction for similar offences› difficult in case of lack of dual criminality› should no result in aggravation› = no standard lex mitior rule› considerable discretion - lack of agreed standard scale› psychiatric/health care measure8www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 2010› law executing MS applies to execution of sentence› possible withdrawal certificate if law on early or conditional release unsatisfactory to issuing MS› various problems with enforcement modalities› electronic monitoring› autonomous sanction or mere modality?› house or weekend arrest› etc› free movement of persons? discrimination on basis nationality?› position of the victim?› IRCP study on detention in the EU 27 as lead-up to EC initiative› announced in Commission Action Plan Stockholm Programme92008 FD custodial sentences – problems (2)www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 201010Criminal records› acquis (pre-Amsterdam)› current EU initiatives› context› overview – state of affairs› questions and challenges› towards a generic EU data structure?› further potential› questions & discussionwww.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 201011Acquis (pre-A‟dam)› CoE treaties, chiefly› 1959 MLA (Articles 13 & 22)› 1960ies Road Traffic› 1970 Int‟l Validity Criminal Judgements› =MR avant-la-lettre› unsuccesful EPC-Convention 1991› Schengen (road traffic)› EU (Maastricht): 1996 driving licenses› ...www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 201012Context EU initiatives (1)› Mutual Recognition (MR) Plan November 2000› individualisation of sanctioning› take account of previous EU convictions in sentencing for newly committed offences› already introduced for EUR fraud/counterfeiting› give effect to disqualifications in MS of residence (e.g. driving license withdrawal) or all MS (e.g. working with children)› mutual recognition of decisions to prosecute› link with avoiding „double prosecution‟ (extended ne bis)› feasibility study requested re EU criminal records system and register of disqualifications› IRCP-initiated; co-financed by EC (Grotius)› Vermeulen et al (2002), Blueprint for an EU criminal records databasewww.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 201013Context EU initiatives (2)› Fourniret case 2004 (B-F)› what? challenge (real, perceived)› recalling Dutroux case 1996 (B), having triggered studies (IRCP) & policy initiatives re EU data collection sexual offences against children› initiative European Commission› White Paper 2005 (+ annex)› building strongly on proposals Vermeulen et al› searchable central index system› detailed (folio) info remains in individual MSs› JHA Council April 2005: political „dual track‟ scenario› convictions against EU citizens› centralisation in MS of nationality› triggered by „interconnection‟ pilot network (B-F-D-E) (expanded)› convictions against 3rd country nationals› central index system after all? see: COM (2006) 359 working docwww.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 201014Overview – State of affairs› Decision November 2005 (to be abrogated from by)› 2009 FD organisation & content› centralisation info in MS of nationality› “develop standardised European format allowing criminal records info exchange in a uniform, electronic & easily machine-translatable way”› Unisys & IRCP - has lead to ECRIS 2009 (and classification)› improve application CoE 1959 MLA Convention› render Article 22 (more) performant› especially relevant for ministries/central authorities› facilitate/accelerate crimrec-related MLA requests Article 13› especially relevant for decentral, competent authorities› 2008 FD on taking account of earlier EU convictions› addresses decentral, competent judicial authorities› working doc on feasibility index system 3rd country nationals (supra)www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 201015Questions and challenges› involvement end users?› judicial authorities: courts/judges, investigating judges, prosecutors› police authorities? (national, Europol; explanation)› (preliminary) investigation› current proposals: minimal investigative relevance (only searchable on name/id-related fields, in case of known EU nationality)› Fourniret case at least triggered change in Belgium (not a EU level)› establishing „ne bis in idem‟ situation› sentencing› taxation/assessment of foreign sentence/sanction: how?› current proposals: bring no EU-wide equivalence of criminal justice concepts/jargon› ideal system: double qualification (extra work)› what about disqualifications?› no more negative impact than in sentencing MS (courts/judges‟ role?)› integration Belgian proposal (children): not really happened so far ...www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 201016Towards a generic EU data structure?› EU criminal justice Esperanto” (single EU interface) › i.e. new standardized logic, with › offender-related fields› offence-related fields › encompassing EAW categories, pilot network families and  classifications Europol IS & Eurojust CMS, etc› idea of EU classification of offences officially supported › DG JLS/D3 (criminal records) + Unisys/IRCP (crime statistics)› EULOCS (enhancing internal coherence EU criminal policy)› decision-related fields› sanction/measure-related fields› additional benefits› making most of info machine-translatable› providing end-user useful interpretative info (where available)www.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 201017Further potential› use common format (generic structure?) also for› direct exchange under Article 13 1959 Convention› EU-index system MS‟ info on 3rd country nationals› maximize investigative/prosecutorial value criminal records infoex system› make offence-/other fields searchable› via MLA requests or based on PoA› link in with Europol information system› allow Eurojust access (CMS) (ne bis in idem)› role Eurojust in hosting index-system› for 3rd states‟ access?› additional EU legislation based on MR concept› regarding legal effect inclusion following notification (see:B)› limited introduction EU-certificates non-prior convictionwww.ircp.org Universiteitstraat 4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium    Gert.Vermeulen@UGent.be    T +32 (0)9 264 69 43, F +32 (0)9 264 84 94Prof. Dr. G. Vermeulen – Mutual Recognition in Practice: Sanctions – Trier, 29 July 201018Questions and discussion

Mutual recognition in practice: sanctions

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Mutual recognition in practice: sanctions

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Ghent University Academic Bibliography