Brochier, Bernard

Caij, Brigitte

De Craeye, Stéphane

De Leeuw, Ilse

Dobly, Alexandre

Frétin, David

Goossens, Els

Govaerts, Marc

Heyman, Paul

Kalmar, Isabelle

Roelandt, Sophie

Roels, Stefan

Suin, Vanessa

Sys, Stanislas

Tavernier, Paul

Vanrompay, Daisy

English

Ghent University Academic Bibliography

RESULTS :  One hundred and thirty samples were obtained. The seroprevalences found are shown in Table 2.   SEROLOGIC FINDINGS IN ROE DEER IN FLANDERS (BELGIUM)  PAUL TAVERNIER1,7, STANISLAS U. SYS2, PAUL HEYMAN3, MARC GOVAERTS4, DAVID FRÉTIN4, ELS GOOSSENS4, BRIGITTE CAIJ4, ILSE DE LEEUW4, SOPHIE ROELANDT4, ALEXANDRE DOBLY4, DAISY VANROMPAY5, ISABELLE KALMAR5, STÉPHANE DE CRAEYE6, VANESSA SUIN6, BERNARD BROCHIER6, STEFAN ROELS4    1WILDPAD, Polbroek 17, B 9520 St-Lievens-Houtem; 2Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ghent University, B 9820 Merelbeke; 3ACOS WB, Ministry of Defence, Bruynstraat 1, B 1120 Brussels; 4CODA/CERVA/VAR, Groeselenberg 99, B 1180 Brussels; 5Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioengineering, Ghent University, B 9000 Ghent; 6WIV/ISP/IPH, Engelandstraat 642, B 1180 Brussels; 7Email: paul_tavernier@skynet.be;  INTRODUCTION :  Roe deer are the only wild living native cervid species in Flanders. Their population number has increased steadily in the last twenty years and is estimated at 20,000 with the highest densities in the eastern provinces. Contacts between wild and domestic ruminants are facilitated by the small-scale Flemish landscape structure. In order to detect circulation of human and animal pathogens in roe deer in Flanders, a preliminary screening was carried out from May 2008 to September 2011.   CONCLUSIONS :   - Like in Belgian cattle and southern Belgian cervids,  paratuberculosis  appears to be enzootic in Flemish roe deer. Except for A.phagocytophilum, T.gondii and N.caninum, exposure to the other pathogens is low or non-existent.  - No difference in seroprevalence was found between sexes and ages of roe deer and between regions of collection of the samples. Yet for Neospora caninum a higher seroprevalence with increasing ages (but below the threshold of significancy) is suggested by the results. - Current outbreaks of Schmallenberg virus and the reemergence of brucellosis, both in domestic ruminants, illustrate the interest of continuation of serosurveillance in roe deer  MATERIALS AND METHODS :   Sampling: In 12 Flemish hunting areas, hunters collected blood samples  from the v.jugularis, v.cava caudalis or hearth of roe deer, soon after the killing. Eleven samples were obtained during necropsy of culled or found-dead roe deer. One sample came from a sick roe deer calf in a rescue centre. For each animal sampled, the sex, the estimated age based on the tooth wear and the area of origin were recorded. The samples were cooled at 2-4°C, and on arrival at the lab were centrifugated for 10 min. at 4000 rpm. Decomposed samples were discarded. After dividing each serum in multiple Eppendorff tubes, the sera were kept at -20°C until analysing.  Analysis:  The sera were examined for antibodies to twelve  infectious agents by means of the tests listed in Table 1.   Statistics: Confidence intervals (CI in Table 2) for proportion of number positive (or suspected) versus number tested, were calculated. The log-likelihood ratio (LR in Table 3,4,5) test for contingency tables was used to analyse whether seropositivity was dependent on sex, age or geographical origin of the samples; p<0.05 indicates significant difference between sexes, ages or sampling regions.    Table 1:    Antibodies  against  Test Conjugate  Mycob. avium subsp. paratuberculosis iELISA horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgG (all species) Brucella abortus iELISA horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgG (all species) Leptospira sp. MAT   :  12 serovars   ( dilution 1/100 ) Coxiella burnetii iELISA horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgG (all species) Anaplasma phagocytophilum IFA  anti-deer fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated IgG Chlamydia abortus iELISA (MOMP)  horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgG (all species) Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) virus VNT  Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BHV1, IBR)  VNT Bluetongue virus (BTV) comp.ELISA Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) virus iELISA horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgG (all species) Toxoplasma gondii iELISA (SAG 1) anti-deer horseradish peroxidase conjugated rabbit IgG Neospora caninum iELISA  horseradish peroxidase conjugated IgG (all species) Comparison between sexes, between ages and between regions for the agents with the highest seroprevalences is shown in Tables 3, 4 ,5 (sera with unknown sex, age or region were not included, explaining the different total numbers)     DISCUSSION None of the serologic tests used has been validated for roe deer. In most of the iELISA tests, a clear distinction could be made between negative and positive titers, reducing the need for cut-off values different of those in domestic ruminants. Yet for paratuberculosis, chlamydiosis and bluetongue, samples with a doubtful titer were considered “suspects” (Table 2). Results for brucellosis and TBE were confirmed by Rose Bengal Test and seroneutralisation test respectively. Field collected samples are often hemolytic, influencing the specificity (false positives) in the IFA for A.phagocytophilum antibodies. Therefore the high seroprevalence found for anaplasmosis, yet comparable to other European studies using the same method, can be questioned.      Table 2:     Seroprevalences    n tested n  pos % pos 95% CI low-high n  susp % susp 95% CI low-high Mycob. avium subsp paratuberculosis 115 6 5.2 1.9 - 11 3 2.6 0.5 – 7.4 Brucella abortus 73 0 0 0 - 4.9       Coxiella burnettii 115 1 0.9 0.02 - 4.7       Leptospira sp. 118 3 2.5 0.5 - 7.3       Anaplasma phagocytophilum 82 46 56.1 44.7 - 67.0       Chlamydla abortus 121 2 1.7 0.2 - 5.8 2 1.7 0.2 - 5.8 Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) virus 108 2 1.9 1.9 - 0.2       Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BHV1, IBR) 79 0 0 0 - 4.6       Bluetongue virus (BTV) 115 0 0 0 - 3.2 4 3.5 1.0 - 8.7 Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) virus 51 0 0 0  - 7.0       Toxoplasma gondii 120 57 47.5 38.3 - 56.8       Neospora caninum 119 8 6.7 2.9 - 12.8       Table 3 Sex ParaTB:  6/110 (5.5 %) A. phagoc. : 44/80 (55.0 %) T. gondii :  53/115 (46.1%) N. caninum    8/114 ( 6.7 %)  LR:  p = 0.540  LR:  p = 0.769 LR:  p = 0.762 LR:  p = 0.493 M 4/54 7.4% 23/43 53.5% 25/56 44.6% 3/56 5.4 % V 2/56 3.6% 21/37 56.8% 28/59 47.5% 5/58 8.6 % Table 4 Age       ParaTB:  6/107 (5.6 %) A. phagoc.:  44/80 (55.0 %) T. gondii: 51/112 (45.5 %) N. caninum  8/111 ( 7.2 %)  LR:  p = 0.721 LR:  p = 0.362 LR:  p = 0.361 LR:  p = 0.057 <1 1/22 4.5% 6/11 54.5% 8/22 36.4% 0/22 0.0 % 1 2/29 6.9% 16/24 66.7% 12/30 40.0% 1/30 3.3 % >1 3/56 5.4% 22/45 48.9% 31/60 51.7% 7/59 11.9 % Table 5 Region ParaTB:  6/110 (5.5%) A. phagoc. : 41/76 (53.9%) T. gondii :  53/111 (47.7%) N. caninum 6/110 ( 5.4 %) LR:  p = 0.290  LR:  p = 0.320 LR:  p = 0.408  LR:  p = 0.753 2 0/11 0.0% 1/3 33.3% 5/11 45.5% 2/11 18.2 % 3 0/7 0.0% 3/4 75.0% 2/5 40.0% 0/5 0.0 % 4 0/2 0.0% 3/3 100.0% 2/3 66,7% 0/3 0.0 % 5 1/10 10.0% 2/3 66.7% 7/10 70.0% 1/10 10.0 % 6 0/2 0.0% 0/2 0.0% 1/2 50.0% 0/2 0.0 % 7 2/40 5.0% 16/30 53.3% 13/40 32.5% 2/40 5.0 % 8 0/6 0.0% 1/2 50.0% 3/6 50.0% 0/6 0.0 % 9 0/19 0.0% 7/16 43.8% 11/19 57.9% 0/18 0.0 % 10 3/11 27.3% 8/13 61.5% 7/13 38,9 % 1/13 7.7 % 11 0/1 0.0%     1/1 100.0% 0/1 0.0 % 12 0/1 0.0%     1/1 100.0% 0/1 0.0 % 

Serologic findings in roe deer in Flanders

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Serologic findings in roe deer in Flanders

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Ghent University Academic Bibliography