Jarodzka, H. (2010, 15 November). Eye-tracking - Research in Learning and Instruction. Workshop given at the Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands.This is a presentation given during a workshop on eye tracking in learning and instruction

Jarodzka, Halszka

DSpace at Open Universiteit Nederland

– Eye-Tracking –
Research in Learning and Instruction
Halszka Jarodzka
Eye tracking workshop
15th November 2010
Adapted from a workshop given at the JURE 2010 given by Van Gog & Jarodzka
Overview 
What is eye tracking?
Why do we look at certain areas?
Eye Tracking in Research on Learning and 
Instruction
What types of dependent variables are out 
there?
What Is Eye Tracking?
What is eye tracking?
• Tracking the movements of the eyeball(s) to learn where a 
person looked at, for how long, and in which order.
Holmqvist, K, Nyström, N, Andersson, R, Dewhurst, R, Jarodzka, 
H, & van de Weijer, J (2011). Eye tracking: a comprehensive
guide to methods and measures, Oxford, UK: Oxford University
Press.
from Tatler (2005)
A brief history of eye tracking
Modern video-based eye tracking
corneal reflection
pupil Why do we look at certain areas?
Influences on eye movements
top-down
bottom-up
1. Free examination
2. Estimate material circumstances 
of the family
3. Give the age of the people
4. Surmise what the family had been 
doing before
the arrival of the unexpected 
visitor
5. Remember the clothes worn by 
the people
6. Remember positions of objects 
and people in the room
7. Estimate how long the visitor had 
been away from the family
Eye Tracking in Research on 
Learning and Instruction
Main applications of eye tracking
• reading research
• commercials
• automobile 
industry
• disabled people
• etc.
Eye tracking as an analysis tool
Insight into underlying mechanisms of instructional 
design effects
Split-attention effect: 
Requiring learners to divide their attention between two 
mutually referring information sources (e.g., text and picture) 
hampers information processing compared to an integrated 
format. 
Investigating expertise differences on a process level
Expertise differences in attention allocation
Individuals with higher expertise attend faster and relatively more to relevant 
information than individuals with less expertise
e.g.,
Charness et al., Memory and Cognition, 2001
Haider & Frensch, J. Exp. Psych.: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 
1999
Jarodzka et al., Learning and Instruction, in press
Van Gog et al., Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2005
Cued retrospective 
reports
1. “Please take a look at the way the fish swims.”
“Please watch the replay and tell me what you were thinking during your first 
viewing.”
3.
Eye movements
2.    Description of the locomotion pattern Performance
...
(Van Gog, Paas, Van Merriënboer, & Witte, 2005)
measures
Investigating Expertise Differences in Perceptual Tasks with Dynamism
Jarodzka, H., Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P., & van Gog, T. (2010). In the eyes of the beholder: How 
experts and novices interpret dynamic stimuli. Learning and Instruction, 20, 146-154.
Thinking aloud
Diagnosis in pediatric neurology
Balslev, T., Jarodzka, H., Holmqvist, K., de Grave, W., Muijtjens, A., Eika, B., Van 
Merriënboer, J., & Scherpbier, A. (2011). How do paediatricians diagnose? Visual 
attention and cognitive processes. Manuscript submitted for publication.
NOVICES
EXPERTS
RESIDENTS Eye movements
Performance
...
measures
Expertise Differences in Air Traffic Control
Thinking aloud
Eye movements
Performance
Spatial ability
Knowledge Level
Experts (n=8)
Intermediates (n=8)
Novices (n=15)
X
Task Difficulty
3 x Easy
3 x Medium
3 x Difficult
Van Meeuwen, L., Jarodzka, H., Brand-Gruwel, S., Van Merriënboer, J., De Bock, Jeano, & Kirschner, P. (in 
prep.). Processes Mediating Expertise in a Visual Task: Eye Movements, Verbal Reports, and Spatial Abilities 
in Air Traffic Control
measures
Eye tracking as an input device Cued Retrospective Reporting
• However, eye tracking data do not tell us anything about why 
someone was looking at something
• Replaying record of own eye movements
• Better results than retrospective reporting without cue
• equal results to concurrent reporting (thinking aloud)
Van Gog et al., Journal of Experimental Psychology: 
Applied,  2005
ATC Task Cued 
Retrospective 
Report
“ I could also have chosen to make this airplane to fly higher than the others,
but I chose this solution.”
“I saw him descending, so that’s where I looked at.”
“So I thought what to do with it…”
Eye Movement Modeling Examples
Show learners a record of eye movements of the model in the examples 
Jarodzka, H., Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P., Van Gog, T., & Dorr, M. (2009). How to convey 
perceptual skills by displaying experts' gaze data. In N. A. Taatgen, & H. van Rijn 
(Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science 
Society (pp. 2920-2925). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. 
Jarodzka, H., Balslev, T., Holmqvist, K., Nyström, M., Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P., & Eika, 
B. (2010). Learning perceptual aspects of diagnosis in medicine via eye 
movement modeling examples on patient video cases. In S. Ohlsson & R. 
Catrambone (Eds.), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive 
Science Society (pp. 1703-1708). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society. 
Van Gog, T., Jarodzka, H., Scheiter, K., Gerjets, P., & Paas, F. (2009). Attention 
guidance during example study via the model’s eye movements. Computers in 
Human Behavior, 25, 785- 791.
Dorr, M., Jarodzka, H., & Barth, E. (2010). Space-variant spatio-temporal filtering of 
video for gaze visualization and perceptual learning. In S. N. Spencer (Ed.), 
Proceedings of ETRA 2010: ACM Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research & 
Application (pp. 307-314) Austin, Texas, USA. 
What types of dependent 
variables are out there?
• Prerequisites: Types of eye movements
• Basic measures: not stimulus related 
• AOIs
• Basic measures: stimulus related
• Complex measures
For questions on eye
tracking workshops, 
please contact me: 
Halszka.Jarodzka@OU.nl


Eye-tracking - Research in Learning and Instruction

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