Hii, Yii Siang

Law, Ah Theem

Mok, Mun Loong

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

UPM Research Report 1997-2000, Vol II,Section 2-Extended AbstractsRemoval Of Petroleum Hydrocarbons From The Oil-Contaminated MarineEnvironment For Sustainable Aquaculture And Hatchery UsesLaw, All- Theern, Y.5. HlI, and Mun-Loo~, MoleInstitute of OceanographyCollege University Science and Technology Malaysia (KUSTEM)Mengabang Telipot21030 KualaTerengganuTerengganu Darul lmanMalaysiaTelephone Number a/Corresponding Author: 09-6683302/09-6683315E-mail olCorrespondingAuthor:atlaW@kustem.edu.myKey words: Petroleum hydrocarbons, biodegradation, local materials, oil-degrading bacteria, filtration techniqueIntroductionMalaysia is situated on the international maritime trade route (Chua et al., 2000). Busy navigational traffic and rapidmodernization activities in the four territorial states of the Straits of Malacca have risked the marine environment to the threatof oil pollution. Hydrocarbons are extremely toxic toa wide spectrum of aquatic organisms (Law et al., 1997; Law et al.,2002). Law (1997) suggested a safety level of 50 I1g L·1 water soluble fraction for protecting P. monodon post larvae in themarine environment. The notorious impacts of hydrocarbons in fact triggered the research and development of oil combatingtechniques. Ever since late 60s', techniques have been actively developed to combat oil pollution; however there is still nosufficient technique (Clark, 1997). Most of the techniques are either destructive to the environment or it is too costly forimplementation especially for the aquaculture farmers in the coastal areas. Therefore, this project was undertaken to developefficient and affordable oil removal techniques as alternate treatments for removing hydrocarbons from the water and sedimentof the marine environment for sustainable usages of coastal aquaculture. A water filtering system with an integrated water-filtration cartridge that consisted of selected local materials was developed to remove water-soluble fraction of crude oil in theoil-contaminated seawater. Excellent adsorption possessed by the local materials enable a novel cartridge to be produced inthis study. As for the sediment, biodegradation was studied for degrading hydrocarbons contain in the oil-contaminated marinesediment. Where, active oil-degrading bacteria were isolated from the coastal environment and their ability to degradepetroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated. Results revealed that, application of the inoculation alone may not be efficient enoughbecause biodegradation may be retarded by interspecies competition and other inhibiting compounds produced during bacterialmetabolisms. A dual-stage treatment is studied to improve biodegradation in the sediment. Results of the study show that bothwater filtration and dual stage biodegradation techniques are capable of reducing hydrocarbons in the water and sedimentdown to their respective safety level. Efficiency of the techniques was further confirmed by bioassay assessment conducted onP. monodon post larvae.Materials and MethodsWater-filtering system. Treated local materials, coconut husk, shrimp waste, sand and granular activated carbon were examinedfor their hydrocarbons adsorption. Compounds adsorbed by different materials were determined by using GCMS. Where as,hydrocarbons adsorption was quantified by using a portable fluorometer (Parsons et al., 1984; Law et al., 2002). Based on theadsorption of the hydrocarbons compounds, an integrated water-filtering cartridge consisted of the local materials weredeveloped based on their noble ability to adsorb hydrocarbon by the materials. Later, filtering capacity, hydrocarbonscompounds adhesions and optimal filtration rate of the integrated cartridges were determined, Freundlich equation was utilizedfor assessing the filtration rate and the maximum capacity of the filtration cartridges. Bioassay of the filtrate was conducted onP. monodon post larvae to assess efficiency of the integrated cartridges. Bioassay technique as described in Law and Yeo(1997) was used to verify filtrate safety. Dual stage biodegradation. A microbial consortium that consisted of three isolatedbacteria was employed in this study. AR3, a Pseudomonas bacterium is used to remove aromatic hydrocarbon. Where as, OG Iand OG2 were used to remove straight chain hydrocarbons and organic matters respectively. The active oil degrading bacteriawere isolated from the coastal sediment of Port Dickson and Marang respectively. The study was conducted on shrimp pondsediment collected from shrimp farms located in Setiu and Marang, Terengganu. The organic rich sediment was thencontaminated by using Tapis A crude oil at 1500 mg kg" and it was treated by using bacterial consortium isolated fromMalaysia coastal environment. Efficiency of oil degradation by using single stage, dual-stage and three-stage were conducted.Three-stage treatment is an attempt to improve performance of the dual stage treatment. Hydrocarbon content in the sedimentwas monitored quantitatively by using fluorescence-specrrometric technique "here as, qualitative analysis was conducted byusing GC-FID with MSD confirmation (UNEP, 199:2). Later, bioassay was conducted on P. monodon post larvae to assesssafety of the treated sediment. Dual-stage is a combinarion of two conventional treatments with a refreshing stage in betweenof the treatments.Results and Discussion316Agricultural SciencesWater filtering systemAII absorbents used in this study demonstrated high ability in adsorbing aromatic hydrocarbons inseawater at salinity 30 ppt, pH 8 and temperature 30°C. They follow the Freundlich absorption isotherm equation closely witha first order reaction. The maximum adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons by coconut husks, palm press fiber, granularactivated carbon, shrimp shell and marine silts are 1.81 mg/g, 1.57 mg/g, 1.35 mg/g, 1.21 mg/g and 1.19 mg/g respectively. Infact, all of them have the ability to reduce aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater from 10 mg/l. to 0.05 mg/L which is safe forhatchery operation. Chromatography results revealed that most of the USEPA listed priority aromatic hydrocarbons areabsence in the filtrate. Furthermore, results of the bioassay revealed that, the filtrate is safe for hatchery and aquaculture usesas P. monodon post larvae showed good survival in the experiment.Dual stage biodegradation: The most common post-harvest cleaning procedure practiced in Malaysian aquaculture is washing,flushing and exposed the pond bottom for air drying. Aquaculture sediment becomes more complicated when hydrocarbonscontaminated the pond sediment. Results revealed that, the techniques are insufficient to remove hydrocarbons content inorganic rich pond sediment. High organic substances content in the pond sediment acted as alternate carbon sources for oilbacteria. Masking effect of the organic substances on hydrocarbons in the pond sediment has retarded degradation ofhydrocarbons by oil bacteria. Results of the study revealed that, only 102 mg kg'! Tapis A crude oil (6.7% of hydrocarbons)was removed from the sediment compared to 637.3 mg kg'! of Tapis A crude oil removal in sediment which without maskingeffect of organic substances in sediment. Bacteria utilize organic and hydrocarbons as their carbon source for growth. Asorganic carbon and hydrocarbons are degraded by the microbes, biomass in the pond sediment increased rapidly and this leadsto intense inter-species and intra-species competition. Besides, accumulation of secondary metabolites in the sediment maycause retardation on organic carbon and hydrocarbon degradation. When these toxic substances were accumulated up to acertain level, it will retard and even shut down biodegradation processes. Thus, a multiple stages treatment is innovated 10overcome the problems. Multiple stages treatment is basically a combination of two or more conventional biodegradation(single stage). Dual stages biodegradation is sufficient in degrading organic carbon and hydrocarbons in the pond sediment.Dual stage treatment removed 966.5 mg kg-I Tapis A crude oil and 25.18 mg C g-! organic carbon in sediment containing1500 mg Tapis A crude oil kg-l and 25 mg C g" organic carbon. The conventional single stage treatment only degraded 637.3mg kg" Tapis A crude oil from the oil contaminated sediment for a period of 20 days. Three stages treatment was attempted tofurther improve organic carbon and hydrocarbons degradation, however the amount of organic carbon and hydrocarbonsdegraded by three stages treatment did not reveal significant improvement. Certain recalcitrant compounds; benzo(a)pyrene,anthracene, chrysene and pyrene were removed from the sediment by the dual-stage treatment. Efficiency of the dual stagetreatment in removing adverse effect of organic carbon and hydrocarbons in the pond sediment was further affirmed by thebioassay assessments on P. monodon post larvae. Results revealed that, dual stage treatment was able to remove adverse effectof hydrocarbons in pond sediment. Maximum growth rate of P. monodon post larvae in water in contact with dual stage treatedsediment for a period of 45 days was 0.743±0.015 g day" and survival rate of 77%. These results are similar and notsignificantly different from that of the organic and hydrocarbons free sediments. These results are much higher than theuntreated hydrocarbons contaminated pond sediment. Hydrocarbon pollution revealed a serious effect on P. monodon postlarvae. Results of the bioassay shows that there is no survival of tiger shrimp post larvae in the 1500 mg kg" crude oilcontaminated pond sediment. Dual stage treatment is able to remove the adverse effects of oil on P. monodon post larvae.Based on the growth rate and survival of tiger shrimp post larvae on the oil polluted pond sediment, Dual stage treatment isable to increase the yield in the oil polluted pond sediment.ConclusionsLocal materials such as coconut husk, shrimp waste and palm press fiber exhibited excellent hydrocarbons adsorption. Anefficient and cost-effective filtration system could be developed by using these materials which are agricultural wastes. Thisfiltering system not only recycling the waste, it also capable of removing major toxic hydrocarbons contained in the watersoluble fraction of crude oil. Safety of the filtrate was proven by positive results of the bioassay on P. monodon post larvae.This filter cartridge could be applied on coastal aquaculture and marine hatchery. Biodegradation of hydrocarbons in pondsediment is a complicated process as high organic matter in the sediment revealed another carbon sources for oil-degradingbacteria. Application of the dual stage biodegradation is able to improve biodegradation of hydrocarbons in the sediment andhence improve yield in the pond sediment. It is estimated that a gross profit of RM 152,378 will be obtained. It is believed that,the filtration system and the dual stage treatment is able to safe-guard safeties of pond water and sediment from oil-pollution.Benefits from the studyThis study provided a solid background for the substrate selection in the development of an efficient and cost-effectivecartridge by using local materials to remove hydrocarbons from the seawater. The local materials could act as add-onsubstrates in present filtration cartridges. In fact. the filtering system could also applied on the waste and effluent dischargedfrom the petrol-chemical industry. It is believed that. the filtration system could further reduce the level of COD dischargedfrom the industry which is one of the priority concerns of DOE. The dual-stage treatment is able to remove both organic andhydrocarbons level in pond sediment. This help in reducing the occurrence of disease outbreak in aquaculture pond. Goodsediment condition after treatment could promote growth and survival of cultures in the pond. Besides, the dual-stagetreatment is able to reduce the long term effects of oil on the culture in the oil-contaminated sediment. As the dual-stagetreatment is able to boost bacterial degradation in the sediment, it could be applied on treating domestic waste which is rich inorganic content and other hazardous compounds such as PCBs in the treatment plants.Patent(s), if applicable:317UPM Research Report 1997-2000, Vol II, Section 2-extended AbstractsNilStage of Commercialization, if applicable:NilProject Publications in Refereed JournalsLaw, A. T. and K. S. Teo. 1997. Oil biodegradation in the Straits of Malacca: Phenanthrene degradation by AR-3. J \tar Biotechnol. 5: 162 -167.A.T.Law, Y .H.Wong, Ambok Bolong Abol-Munafi. 2002. Effect of hydrogen ion on Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de! Man) egg hatchhabilityin brackish water. Aquaculture 214: 247-251.Project Publications in Conference ProceedingsI. Hii, Y. S. and A. T. Law. 1999. Biodegradation of crude oil in different types of marine sediment. In: the Malaysian Science & TeknologiCongress '99. Research and Development priorities in the New Millennium.2. Hii, Y. S., A. T. Law, N. A. M. Shazili and M. K. Abdul-Rashid. 2002. Effectiveness of a dual-stage microbial treatment for the removal ofcrude oil contamination in marine sediment. In Tropical marine environment: Charting strategies for the Millenium. Pp 617-623. MalaccaStraits Research and development centre (MAS DEC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.3. Hii, Y. S., and A. T. Law. 2000. Effect of water contents, pH, salinity, and temperature on the microbial degradation of crude oil in marineenvironment. In. The Environmental Study and Management, 4 October 2000 UiTM, Shah Alam.Law A. T. and Y. S. Hii. 2003. Post-harvest treatment of sediment for aquaculture farms: a bench-scale approach. In: National AquacultureSymposium 2003 at Kota Bahru. Malaysia.5. Mok, M. L., A. T. Law, A. Jusoh and N. A. M. Shazili. 2002. Adsorption of hydrocarbons by locally available materials. In: Tropicalmarine environment: Charting strategies for the Millenium Pp 669-675. Malacca Straits Research and development centre (MASDEC),Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang.Graduate ResearchNameGraduateof Research Topic Field of Expertise Degree Awarded Graduation YearHii Yii Siang Biodegradation of Marine pollutionorganic carbon andhydrocarbons inaquaculturesediment: a dualstage treatmentsystemPh.D. PendingMok Mun Loong TreatmentPetroleumHydrocarbonResidues InSeawater UsingLocal Materials.Of Marine pollution M.Sc. 2003IRPA Project number: 01-02-04-0411UPM Research Cluster:AFFProject Leader: Prof. Dr. Law Ah Theem318

Removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from the oil-contaminated marine environment for sustainable aquaculture and hatchery uses

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Removal of petroleum hydrocarbons from the oil-contaminated marine environment for sustainable aquaculture and hatchery uses

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