Muhamad Awang, Rita

Omar, Dzolkhifli

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

UPM Research Report 1997-2000, Vol II, Section 2-Extended AbstractsDevelopment of resistance in the mirids He/ope/tis theivora WaterhouseRita Muhamad Awan6 and Omar. D,Faculty of AgricultureUniversiti Putra Malaysia43400 UPM, Serdang, SelangorMalaysiaTelephone Number a/Corresponding Author: 03-89467244E-mailolCorrespondingAuthorrita@agri .•upm.edu.myKey words: Development of resistance, He/ope/tis tbeuoraIntroductionHe/ope/tis theivora is a serious pest of cocoa and tea in Malaysia. This mirid feeds predominantly on cocoa cherellesand pods and cause serious crop damage or loss during cherelle stage (I), yield losses around 50% are not uncommon(2). On tea, the insect feeds on young tea shoots, which after one feeding lesion could caused dieback of the shoots.Severe damage on young tea plants could cause stunting of plant growth. Tea production could virtually stop('Blackout') (3). The use of insecticides remains the most popular method for mirid control and continuous use ofinsecticides could cause some problems, such as resistance to insecticides. Dzolkhifli et 0/., (4, has shown variousdegree.of tolerance between different populations of cocoa mired and possible development of resistance to y-BCH.Insecticide resistance in agricultural pests is conferred by a limited number of clearly defined mechanisms. Severalmechanisms of insecticide resistance have been proposed. Among them, detoxification was shown to playa major role(5). Microsomal monooxygenase, esterases and gluthatione s-transferases are enzymes cited involved in the enhancedmetaboiism of resistance. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of metabolic enzymes in the developmentof resistance in H. theivora.Materials and MethodsThe cocoa mirids were collected from the cocoa population of Serdang, Selangor and Sungai Tekam, Pahang and teapopulation of Banting, Selangor and cultured using the technique described by Muhamad and Khoo (6). Ten of fourthand fifth instar nymphs were used in the experiment. Technical grade of deltamethrin (99.5% a.i.), cyperrnethrin (50%a.i.), y-HCH (99% a.i) and chlopyrifos (99%a.i) were used to prepare stock solution. The synergist used were piperonylbutoxide (PBO), maleic acid diethyl ether (MADE) and s,s,s-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). The insecticides wereapplied topically at 0.6 ~1/nymph and the mortality of the insects was recorded. Estimates of LDsovalue and their 95%fiducial limit (FL) were obtained using a probit analysis.Results and DiscussionBased on the LDso values, the toxicity of the insecticide tested for the Serdang and Sungai Tekam populations werechlopyrifos > 'Y-HCH > cyperrnethrin > deltamethrin, for the Banting population was: y-HCH > cyperrnethrin >chlorpyrifos > deltamethrin, The most toxic insecticide was chlopyrifos with LDso value of 3.028 x 10.2 mg/L for theSungai Tekam population, followed by y-HCH. The synergism of PBO on cyperrnethrin was higher compared to otherinsecticides tested. Cyperrnethrin showed synergistic values of l3-fold followed by y-HCH and chlorpyrifos withsynergistic values of 7 and 6-fold, respectively for Sungai Tekam population. The DEF gave a synergistic value of 4-fold for all population tested while MADE gave a synergistic value of 6-fold against Sungai Tekam population. These. results showed that monooxygenases were very active in the Sungai Tekam population for cyperrnethrin based onsynergistic value. The increase in enzyme activities of esterases indicated that. this enzyme played a role in metabolismof chlorpyrifos, cyperrnethrin and deltamethrin for all the population tested. The resistance ratio of 25-fold forcypermethrin in the Banting population and 13-fold for chlopyrifos in the Sungai Tekam population were observedhigher when compared to Serdang population. The Sungai Tekam population showed increasing tolerance towards theinsecticides tested compared with the Banting and Serdang populations.ReferencesMuhamad, R. and MJ. Way (1995). Damage and crop relationships of Helopeltis theivora, Hemiptera, Miridae and cocoa inMaiaysia. Crop Protection 14(2): 117-121.Tan, G.S. (1974). Helopeltis theivora theobromae on cocoa in Malaysia Malaysian Agricultural Research 3: 204-212.24Agricultural SciencesSidhu, H.S. and K. Saiki a (1999). Helopeltis theivora as tea pest in North East Assam. Proceedings of the 5th International Conferenceon Plant Protection in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, p 128.Dzolkhifli, 0., R. Muhamad and V.K. Lim. (1998). Studies on the resistance status of the cocoa mirid to gamma HCH, cypermethrinand deltamethrin. Malaysian Applied Biology 27 (I &2): 83-85.Sun, C.N. (1992). Insecticide resistance in diamondback moth. Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: Proceedings of the secondworkshop. Talekar, N.S., ed; AVRDC: Shanhua, Taiwan, pp 419-426.ConclusionsResults indicated the impending resistance in the mirids, formulation of chemical management in necessary to beintegrated into pest management of the mirid. Efforts to minimise the possibility of the increasing resistance problemsin the future, insecticides management such as spray rotation of different groups of insecticides, the use of insecticidesonly when the population reaches the economic threshold and the use of proper insecticide application techniquesshould be encouraged in the tea and cocoa growing areas.Benefits from the studFormulation of chemical management, minimizes the possibility of increasing resistance problemsPatent(s), if applicable:NilStage of Commercialization, if applicable:NilProject Publications in Refereed JournalsLOmar,D., R, Muhamad., and V.K. Liew., (199:;). Status on the resistance of the cocoa mirids to gamma HCH, cypermethrin anddeltamethrin. Malaysian Applied Biology 27 (I &2); 83-85.2. R, Muharnad., 0, Dzolkhifli and M.A. Haslina (1999). Susceptibility of the cocoa mirids, Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse to gammaHCH, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, Journal of Plant Protection in the Tropics 12(I}: 75-79.3. Muhamad, R. (2000). Ecology of the cocoa mirid Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse. Research Bulletin Faculty of Agriculture,University Putra Malaysia, Vol. 7 No. I.Project Publications in Conference ProceedingsI. Muhamad, R., D. Omar and H.M. Ali (1998). Susceptibility of the three populations of the cocoa mirid, to gamma HCH,cypermethrin and deltamethrin, International Sciense Conference, 7-9 May 1998, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.2. Muhamad, R., Samad, ZA., Abdullah AM. and Awang, M.B. (1998). Inhibition of photosynthetic activity in cocoa shoots due todamage caused by the cocoa mirids Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse. Malaysian International Cocoa Conference and Fair 26-30November 1998, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.3. Muhamad, R. and Wong, P.P (1999). Feeding and oviposition behaviour of the cocoa mirids Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse.Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Plant Protection in the Tropics, Tropical Plant Protection in the information age.,March 1999, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.4. Aishah, A., Muhamad, R., Ooi, T.L., Salmiah, A. and Ismail, A.R. (1999). Application of oil palm based emulsifiers and solventsin insecticide formulation. PORIM International Palm Oil Congress, February 1999, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.5. Muhamad, R., Samad, ZA., Abdullah A.M. and Awang M.B. (1999) Inhabition of photosynthetic activitiy in cocoa shoot due todamage caused by the cocoa mirids Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse. Proceedings of Biology in the Next Millenium, December1999, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.6. Muhamad, R., Hee, V.S., Abdullah A.M. and Awang, M.B. (2000). Effects of different light intensities and damage caused bymirids on cocoa photosynthesis. 131h international Cocoa Research Conference, 9-14 October 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,Malaysia.25UPM Research Report 1997-2000, Vol II, Section 2-Extended Abstracts7. Awang M.B., Muhamad, R., Abdullah, A.M~ Hee, V.S., (2000). Photosynthetic activities of cocoa leaves damage by Helopeltisunder different light regime. Malaysian Science and Technology Congress, 16-18 October 2ooo,Ipoh, Malaysia8. Muhamad, R., Md Latip., S.N.H and Aishah, A. (2000). Application of palm-based solvents and surfactants in insecticideformulation. Plant Health 2000 Conference, 28-29 March 2000, Malacca, Malaysia.9. Muhamad,R., and Aishah,A. (2002). Investigation of using palm based surfactants and solvents in insecticide formulation.Proceedings of the 4111 Asia Pacific Conference of Entomology, August 200 I, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.10. Yusa, L., Muhamad.,R., Omar D. and Tan, S.O. (2001). Toxicity and synergism of chlopyrifos and cyperrnethrin against twopopulations of the cocoa mirid, He/ope/tis theivora Waterhouse. Proceedings of the 4111 Asia Pacific Conference of Entomology,August 200 I, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.II. Muhamad,R., Hee, V.S., Abdullah, A.M. and Awang M.B. (2001). Effects of different light intensities and damage caused bymirids on cocoa photosynthesis. Persidangan Kebangsaaan Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam,Oktober 200 I, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.12. Muhamad,R., Hee, V.S., Abdullah, A.M. and Awang M.B. (2001). Kesan intensiti cahaya yang berlainan dan kerosakan olehmirid terhadap fotosintesis koko. Hasil Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan (P&P) Rancangan Malaysia ke-7, Universiti PutraMalaysia, Serdang,Selangor, Malaysia.13. Muhamad,R., Omar D. and Tan, S.O. (200 I). Toxicity and synergism of chlopyrifos and cyperrnethrin against two populations ofthe cocoa mirid, Hzlopeltis theivora Waterhouse. Bengkel Penyelidikan Fakulti Pertanian, Oktober 2COI, Extended Abstract,Faculty of Agriculture, UPM Research Report 2001.14. Muhamad,R., Hee, V.S., Abdullah, A.M. and Awang M.3. (2001). Effects of different light iutensities and damage caused bymirids on cocoa photosynthesis. Bengkel Penyelidikan Fakuhi Pertanian, Oktober 2001, Extended Abstract, Faculty of Agriculture,UPM Research Report 200 I.Graduate Research~~------------------------------------------------Name of Graduate Research Topic Field of Expertise Degree Awarded Graduation YearIsmail Yusa Resistance Entomologydevelopment in thecocoa miridM. Agric. Sc 2002IRPA Project number 01-02-04-0321UPM Research Cluster: AFF26

Development of resistance in the mirids Helopeltis theivora waterhouse

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Development of resistance in the mirids Helopeltis theivora waterhouse

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