Abdul Khalil, Khalilah

Alimon, Abdul Razak

Bejo, Mohd Hair

Monafizad, M.

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

FOR Category Fl0900: Agricultural SCiencesCOMMERCIAL UTILISATION OF PALM KERNELCAKE IN AN INTENSIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEM OFRUMINANTM. Hair-Bejo', A. R. Alimorr', M. Monafizad' andA. K. Khalilah'1Faculties of Veterinary Medicine, 2AgricultureUniversiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor,MalaysiaKeywords: palm kernel cake (PKC), intensive produc-tion system, ruminant, zinc, feed additives.IntroductionPalm kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product of oil palm industrywith high nutritive values and can be used as basal diets inanimals, especially in ruminants. The diet is easily availablein the country and in 1997 alone Malaysia had exportedabout 1.1 million tones of PKC. However, the high coppercontents in PKC can cause toxicity, especially when used insheep (Goats, cattle and buffaloes seem to be tolera~edto thetoxic effect of copper in PKC, although the hepatic coppercontent in the PKC fed animals were significantly elevated(Hair-Bejo and Alimon, 1996). This is of public health im-portance as liver and other visceral organs are commonlyused for human consumption. Furthermore, toxicity may oc-cur after long used of the diet. Recent studies had success-fully produced a safe PKC diet by dietary zinc supple~ent~-tion either with or without ammonium molybdate (Hair-Bejoet al. 1996). However, the product needs to be improved forcommercial utilisation. A new PKC product which is safe,economic convenient to be used and can improve growthperformance of animals need be developed (Hair-Bejo et al.1998). 'Materials and MethodsFour types of PKC based diet namely: PKC with zinc su~-plementation (Diet I), PKC with zinc, mineral salts ~d VI-tamins supplementation (Diet 2), PKC with zi,nc, rruneralsalts vitamins and feed additive (chlortetracyclIne) supple-men~tion (Diet 3) and PKC with zinc, mineral. salts,. vita-mins and feed additive (monensin) supplementation (Diet 4)were formulated and fed in four groups of Malin x PolledDorset crossbred lambs. The animals were fed solely (100%)on the diet and the feed intakes and body weight were re-corded. The animals were monitored throughout the feedingtrial and slaughtered as they reached a body weight of 30.kg.The carcass was examined for any gross lesions and the n~htlobe of the liver sample was collected for copper and zincanalysis using an atomic absorption spectrophotomet~r. Theliver sample was also fixed in 10% buffered formalin and2.S% glutaraldehyde for histological and ultrastructural ex-amination, respectively.Results and DiscussionThe study showed that all animals (100%) fed diet 3 andSO% of the sheep fed diets 2 and 4 achieved the targe~edbody weight of 30 kg within 12 to 20 weeks of the feedingtrial. In contrast, all sheep (l00%) fed diet 1 failed to reachthe targeted body weight during the period. The a~e~gedaily gain of animals fed diet 1 (43.4 ± 4.7g) was signifi-cantly lower (p<O.OS)than those of sheep fed diet 2 (179.3 ±11.9g), diet 3 (174.1 ± 9.6g) and diet 4 (172.S ± 19.7g). Theanimals fed diet 1 (10.9 ± 1.0) also had poorer (p<O.OS)feedconversion ratio than those of sheep fed with diet 2 (4.1 ±0.3), diet 3 (4.9 ± Q.4) and diet 4 (4.6 ± O.S).The averagedaily gain of animals fed diet 2 (94.3 ± 3.6 g ) and diet 4(88.6 ± 17.2g) which failed to achieve the targeted bodyweight were also significantly higher (p<O.OS)than in sheepfed with diet 1. The feed conversion ratio was 7.3 ± 0.3 and9.3 + 1.8 in the sheep fed with diets 2 and 4, respectively.Neither clinical signs nor gross lesions of copper and zincintoxication or copper deficiency were observed throughoutthe trial, except that one animal each from group fed diets 1and 4 died due to pneumonic pasteurellosis with some le-sions of copper toxicity at 18 weeks of the feeding trial. Thehistological changes in the liver of sheep sacrificed as theyreached the targeted body weight of 30 kg were rather mildor mild to moderate. Hepatocytes degeneration with single tomultiple areas of necrosis observed in the central vein (zone3). Mild fatty degeneration was also observed in the region.The hepatic copper concentration in sheep fed diets 2, 3 and4 were 1147.4± SS.7 ug/g, 1214.2± IS8.8 ug/g and 128S.6±281.S ug/g, respectively. This study has demonstrated thatthe new formulated PKC diet 2 can improve the performanceof sheep to about double when compared to the diet 1. Fur-thermore, the quality of the diet was further improved whenfeed additives, namely chlortetracycline was added in thediet. Chlortetracycline is being used as feed additives inpoultry, pigs and lambs. It may improve the performance ofthe animals by changing the microorganism population in thegastrointestinal tract and increased the digestibility of PKC.In contrast, the usage of monensin in the diet in the presentstudy did not showed much impact on the performance of theanimals when compared with that of chlortetracycline. Mo-nensin can enhance the production of propionate and im-prove the efficacy of use of volatile fatty acid. It was re-ported to increase feed efficiency in cattle and broiler chick-ens.ConclusionsThis study has successfully developed a safe and high qualityPKC based diet for intensive production system of sheep.Dietary zinc supplementation can confer protection againstPKC toxicity. The performance of the sheep was signifi-cantly improved when the diet was further supplementedwith mineral salts and vitamins either with or without feedadditives.ReferencesHair-Bejo, M. and Allmon, A. R. 1996. Pathological changes in theliver and kidney of copper supplemented and palm kernel cakefed goats. Proc. VIth International Conference on Goats. Vol. 2.May 6-11. 1996. Beijing. China, p. 666.Hair-Bejo, M .• Khalilah, A. K. and Alimon, A. R. 1998. A safe andhigh quality of palm kernel cake based diets for an intensive pro-duction system of sheep. Proc. 20 th. Malaysian Society of Ani-mal Production Conference. 27-28 July, 1998. Putrajaya, Malay-sia. p. 113-114.Hair-Bejo, M .• Moonafizad, M. and Alimon, A. R. 1996. Effectivelevels of zinc in the prevention of chronic copper toxicity in palmkernel cake fed sheep. Proc. 8th Veterinary Association MalaysiaScientific Congress. August 23-25. 1996. Ipoh, Perak, p. 226-227.Supported by IRPA Grant 01-02-04-0242119

Commercial utilisation of palm kernel cake in an intensive production system of ruminant

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Commercial utilisation of palm kernel cake in an intensive production system of ruminant

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