Ab Shukor, Nor Aini

Awang, Kamis

Ghani, Abdul Rasip

Ngah, Md. Lokmal

Teh, Latifah

Tukiman, Dzulkifli

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

Agricultural SciencesGenetic Improvement and Propagation of Multipurpose Tree Species*Nor Aini Ab5hukor. Kamis Awang. Dzulkifli Tuklrnan, Latifah Teh, Md. Lokmal Ngah. and Abdul Rasip GhaniFacultyof ForestryUniversitiPutraMalaysia43400UPM,Serdang,SelangorMalaysiaE-mailofCorrespondingAuthor:noraini@forr.upm.edu.myKey words: acacias azadirachta excelsa, provenance and progeny trials, tissue culture, vegetative propagation.IntroductionPlantation forestry is adopted as aneffective strategy to overcome the an-ticipated timber shortage in Malaysia.Comprehensive and critical reviews ofall aspects of plantation forestry trialsin Malaysia have been reported by Ng(1996). The fact is that it is based onlimited number of species includingAcacia mangium, A. auriculifonnis,and their hybrid, Azadirachta excelsa,some exotic pines, Eucalyptus, Parase-rianthesfalcataria and Gmelina arbo-rea. In addition to fast growth, thesespecies offer a wide range of potentialuses as well. But plantings have not sofar relied on improved genetic materi-als and in addition some of the speciestried were from a narrow genetic basethat limited their success i.e. A. man-gium (Sim et al. 1984). A high produc-tivity and better quality of the futureplantations of these species can beassured only if improved seeds andsuperior planting materials are used fortheir establishment. Hitherto, there hasbeen a limited amount of research con-ducted on the genetic improvement andpropagation of A. mangium, A. auricu-liformis, A. erasssiearpa and A. aula-eoearpa (Kamis et al., 1994, Nor Ainiet al., 1994, Kamis et al., 1995) andalmost nonexistence on A. exeelsa.This research was undertaken with twoobjectives: (I) to select and improveseveral provenances of the chosen spe-cies and (2) to develop appropriatetechnologies of mass propagation ofthe improved materials.Materials and MethodsThe research comprised three compo-nents: an acacia progeny and prove-nance trials, multilocational trials of A.exeelsa and development of cloningtechniques for mass propagation ofimproved materials. A trial of 80progenies of A. mangium, A. aurieuli-formis, A. erasssicarpa and A. aulaco-earpa using seeds from Papua NewGuinea (PNG), Queensland and North-ern Territory Australia were estab-lished at How Swee Estate, AurGading, Kuala Lipis, Pahang to evalu-ate their growth performance. In addi-tion a preliminary provenance trial of 8A. mangium and A. aurieulifonnis pro-venances 4 each, to relate the effect ofland preparation method by burning tothe formation of the multiple leaders(ML) was also conducted.Provenance trials of A. exeelsa wereestablished at three locations viz.,Rantau Panjang (Selangor), Merchang(Terengganu) and Balai Ringin(Sarawak). Six provenances of A. ex-celsa from Bukit Lagong (Selangor),Manong (Perak), Pasir Mas (Kelan-tan), Pengkalan Arang (Terengganu),Semengoh (Sarawak) and Narathiwat(Thailand) were used. Concurrently, anisozyme study was conducted on theseprovenances to determine their actualgenetic variation. The trials weremonitored for survival and growth interms of height, diameter and form.Two approaches were used for thecloning of the species, micro propaga-tion through tissue culture and macropropagation through rooting of cut-tings. The former involved develop-ment of micropropagation protocols forthree species, A. aurieulifonnis, A.erassiearpa and A. exeelsa while thelatter examined the various factorscontrolling rooting of cuttings of A.exeelsa seedlings.Results and DiscussionThe performance and assessment of theML formation of the acacia provenancetrial at the age of two years indicatedand confirmed that the use of fire toclear land caused this growth habit. Italso revealed significant variation ingrowth performance between the burntand unburned sites, between the spe-cies and among provenances of thesame species for height, basal diameterand ML formation.The two-year assessment of the A.exeelsa trials indicated that survivaland growth were significantly differentamong the respective sites and prove-nances. For all the provenances, thebest performance was generally ob-tained at Balai Ringin (Sarawak). Theprovenances from Bukit Lagong, Ma-nong and Semengoh consistently per-formed better than the other sources atall the three locations. Analysis ofmorphological and genetic variationshowed that these provenances wereclosely related.Results of micro propagation studiesindicated that rinsing with commercialcIorox (15%) for at least 15 minuteswas effective in producing aseptic A.erassiearpa seeds, and that nodal stemsegments obtained from asepticallygerminated A. crassicarpa seedlingswas the most appropriate explant forshoot formation when cultured in a MSmedium supplemented with BAP.Shoot proliferation was also observedin the same medium with the highestmultiplication rate obtained from thesecond subculture on the medium sup-plemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP. Root-ing and development of callus werebest achieved on a medium supple-mented with 2,4-D after 14 days inculture incubation. Development ofmicro propagation technique frommarcots and axillary buds of A. aurieu-liformis trees of different ages alsoyielded some promising results al-though more successful when the ex-plants were taken from younger trees.Survival of plantlets were high whentransplanted into autoclaved mixture ofsoil, sand and peat (3:3:1) for A. eras-siearpa and into shredded coconut huskfor A. aurieuliformis during acclimati-sation.A micro propagation protocol of A.exeelsa has also been developed using143UPM Research Report 1997-2000. Section 2-Extended Abstractsnodal stem segments. Petiole nodalsegments. shoot tip and young leavesproduced the highest percentage ofshoot formation (93%). The combina-tion of 2 mg/L BAP +2 mglL NAAwas found to be optimum for rooting ofin vitro plantlets with shoot prolifera-tion rate of 2 within 53 days. In addi-tion. a concentration of 20 to 25%commercial c1orox was found to be thebest sterilisation method for shoot tipexplants that yielded 100% asepticcultures. The study on coppice-abalityof stumped seedlings of A. excelsaexamined the effect of stump heights.while in the rooting of cuttings exam-ined the effect of different materials.positions and hormones. Coppiceabal-ity was found to vary with stumpheights i.e. 60cm > 1000m > 30cm.However. 1000m stumps producedmore vigorous coppices in terms oflength (mean = 37.29 cm). Generally.survival and rooting percentages ofcuttings were low. Cuttings from cop-pice shoots survived and rooted betterthan those of seedlings. Both positionsand hormonal treatments significantlyaffected the survival and rooting per-centages. Terminal cutting position andhormo- nal treatments of Seradix 2(0.3% IBA) recorded the highest root-ing ability.ConclusionsInitial selection of promising prove-nances of A. excelsa, A. mangium andA. auriculiformis provenances can bemade from the results obtained so farbut further testing of the selected plustrees from the trials should be under-taken. Similarly. acacia progenies canbe selected once the full results areobtained. The use of fire as a means ofland preparation causes the multipleleader-formation in the acacia prove-nances tested at Aur Gading, Pahang.However. these findings may supportand provide some guideline for anappropriate decision-making processconcerning the banning of the use offire as a tool to clear large tracks oflands for plantation establishment es-pecially when acacias are to be planted.Cloning of acacia species and A. ex-celsa is technically feasible eitherthrough micro or macropropagationtechniques. However. a scaling upprocess is still required to determine itseconomic feasibility. Because of thelimited timcfrarne, clones producedthrough these means have not beentested out in the field and this needs tobe further accomplished.Benefits from the studyThe study reveals that availability ofselected set of provenances of A. ex-celsa can be recommended for plant-ing. A screened list of selected proge-nies and provenances of A. mangium,A. auriculiformis, A. crassicarpa andA. aulacocarpa could provide a widerchoice of improved materials for theindustry. The study also providesguidelines for the selection of appro-priate land preparation method forplantation establishment especiallywhen acacias are to be used. Protocolsfor the micropropagation of A. crassi-carpa, A. auriculiformis and A. excelsahave been developed. These can beused as the starting point for the up-scaling and optimisation process. It ispossible to develop a mass propagationtechnique for A. excelsa seedlingsthrough the rooting of cutting.Literature cited in the textKamis Awang, Nor Aini AS. and Abd. LatibSenin 1995. Two-year performance ofAcacia crassicarpa provenances atSerdang, Malaysia. Pertanika. 18(3): 1-5.Kamis Awang, Venkateswarlu P. Nor AiniAS. Adjers G. Bhumibhamon S.Kievvuttinon B. Pan FJ. Preecha K. andSimsiri A. 1994. Three-year performanceof international provenance trials ofAcacia aurlculiformis . Forest Ecologyand management. 70: 147-158.Nor Aini AS. Kamis Awang, VenkateswarluP. and Abd. Latib Senin. 1994. Three yearperformance of Acacia auriculiformis144provenances at Serdang, MalaysiaPertanika. 17(2): 95-102.Project Publications inRefereed JournalsGriffin Akeng, and Nor Aini Ab Shukor.1998. Callus induction of Acacia crassi -carpa. Malay Forester. 61: 190-195.Jainol, J.E. and Nor Aini Ab Shukor. 1997.A protocol for micropropagation ofAzadirachta excelsa (sentang). MalaysianForestry. 60(2): 69-76.Kamis Awang, Sulaiman Jamahari, ArifinAwang Zulkifli, and Nor Aini Ab Shukor.1998. Growth, marcottability and photosynthetic rate of Acacia crassicarpaprovenances at Serdang, Malaysia. ACIAR82: 299-304.Nor Aini Ab Shukor. Abel Nelson, andKamis Awang. 1998. Selected woodproperties of Acacia auriculiformis and A.crassicarpa provenances in Malaysia.ACIAR 82: 155-160.Nor Aini Ab Shukor, Kamis Awang, andMohd. Hamami Sahri. 1996. Internationalprovenance trial of Acacia auriculiformisA. CUNN EX BENTH in Malaysia:Results at 18months. MalaysianForester. 59(1): 8-13.Graduate ResearchHazandy Abdul Hamid. 2001. Tree improve-ment [M.Sc.). Universiti Putra Malaysia.Griffin Akeng. 2000. Tree improvement[M.Sc.). Universiti Putra Malaysia.Haliza Isamil. 2000. Tree improvement[M.Sc.). Universiti Putra Malaysia.John Keen Ak Chubo. 1999. Tree improve-ment [M.Sc.). Universiti Putra Malaysia.Mohd Noor Mahat. 1999. Tree improve-ment [M.Sc.). Universiti Putra Malaysia.Bounhom Thepphavang. 1998Tree improve-ment [M.Sc.). Universiti Putra Malaysia.Somphou Chammaravong. 1998. Treeimprovement [M.Sc.). Universiti PutraMalaysia.Judy DJainol. 1997. Tree improvement[M.Sc.]. Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Genetic improvement and propagation of multipurpose tree species

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Genetic improvement and propagation of multipurpose tree species

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