Ambak, Mohd Azmi

Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository

          UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA        FISH COMMUNITIES IN PAYA BUNGOR, WITH NOTES ON ITS DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT AND RECREATIONAL USE       MOHD. AZMI BIN AMBAK        FPSS 1984 2 It is hereby ceLtified that we have read this thesis entitled "Fish COIIh'1lunities of Paya Bungor, "{-lith notes on its development, management and recreational use" by Hohd. Azmi bin hnbak, and in our opinion it is satisfactory in t erms of scope, quality and presentation as paLtial fulfil�ent of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. �. ALAl�(}u ZAINUDDIN, Ph. D. Assoc. Professor/Dean of Graduate Studies Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Chairman Board of Examiaers) JOSE IRENEU DOS REMEDIOS FURTADO, Ph. D. Science Advisor Commomvealth Secretarial LONDON Crxternal Examiner) \ (lQ t-..-"\/:'" c\ �ov ') . � <4._,t�_ LI�mSAY GL�*N ROSS, Ph. D. Lecturer and Course Director Ac;uaculture and FishE'ry l1anagement - Instituce of Aquaculture University of Stirling UNITED KINGDOH (External Examiner) ANG KOK JEE , Ph. D .  Associate Professor Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science , Universit i Pertan ian Malaysia ( Internal Examinar) ABU KHAIR HOHAl'1MAD MORS IN , Ph . D • Associate Professor , Faculty of Fisher ies and Marine Sc ience , Universiti Per tanian Halays ia .  ( Internal Examiner and Supervisor) FISH COMMUNITIES IN PAYA BUNGOR, WITH NOTES ON ITS DEVELOPMENT , MANAGEMENT AND RECREATIONAL USE by Mohd . Azmi bin Ambak A thesis submit ted in partial fulfilmenL of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of F i sheries and Marine Scienc e ,  Universiti Pertanian Malaysia . December 1984 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost , I would like to express my gratitude to Dr . Abu Khair Mohammad Mohsin who has devoted much of his time and energy in supervising my work and making sure that it goes without a hitch .  Without his constant encouragement this thesis will never be written .  I am also grateful t o Dr. S .  B. SaiL:! who deU-1 as Illy consultant supervisor, for his advice and sugge,tions on res0��ch methodologies .  A vot e of thanks are also due to Profes sor Dr. Nayan Ariffin. the Vice-Chancel lor and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia who provide research fundings and facilities for carrying out the investigations . I also appreciate the help glven by Dr. Nelson Marshall of University of Rhode Is land and Dr . John Munro of ICLARM for securing neces sary funds from U.S. Sea Grant and FAO respectively , for my course work at URI and subsequent data analysis at ICLARM . For my the sis writing at University of Stirling , I had the privilege of getting British Council's CICRE fellowship for which I am thankful . ffi1ile at ICLARM , Manila , I was great ly indebted to Dr. Danie l Pauly and Mis s Deng Palomares who he lped and advised me in running computer programmes for analysing my dat a .  I am also obligated t o Dr. R . J .  Roberts and Dr. L,C .  Ross who made my stay at University of Stirling worthwhile and meaningful . III The support from the staff of the Faculty are also acknowledged especially Encik Saad Mat and Encik Fazli Shah Abd. Rahman who contributed much during field investigations. Finally, praises are due to God, the Almighty, for gIvIng me life without which this work will never be carried out. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES ABSTRACT ABSTRAK CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Need for Recreat ion Outdoor Recreat ion Recreational Fishing Obj ectives and Definitions Role  and status of Recreational Fishing in Develop ed Countries Economic Value of Recreat ional Fishing Nat ional Economic Impact Local Economic Impact Trends in Recreat ional F ishing • • Recreat ional Fisheries in Malaysia Present S tatus  Po tential s for  Development • Human Resource v Page i i i  v xii xvi xxi xxii xxv 1 1 2 4 4 5 8 8 10 1 1  12 12 15 15 Natural Resour ces  Water Resources Fishery Resources • Management Expertise The S cope of  the Problem Paya Bungor Development Plan Obj ectives o f  S tudy CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA General Description and Physiography • Sampling S tations S tation A (white wat er system) S tat ion B (brown wat er system) S tation C ( in between S tat ions A and B) • Discuss ions on the Ecological Proper ties of Paya Bungor Physico-chemical characteristics  Benthic macro invertebrates Micro invert ebrates Phytoplanktons and Primary Product ion Vegetation CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS  OF THE FISH POPULATION IN PAYA BUNGOR Introduct ion vi Page 17 17 18 21 22 25 28 30 3 0  3 8  38 49 55 60 60 68 70 80 83 87 87 Monitoring Populat ion Parameters for F isher ies Management • • • • • . 0 Patterns of spec ies Abundance and Diversity Species Richness • Heterogeneity Equitability Measures of  speci0s abundance and diversity • • Species Richness Indices • Heterogeneity Indices Equitab ility Ind ices Dynamics of Fish Populat ions Basis o f  the theorit ical mod els Mathematical Representa t ion and Estimation of the Parameters Growth Tag-Recapture Studies Length-Frequency Analysis Mortality Parameter Estimat ions from Length Data • • Materials and Methods Preliminary Investigat ions and Findings Sampling Procedure Sampl ing S it es and Sampl ing Program • vii PagE' 88 9 1  9 3  94 94 95 95 100 102 104 104 106 106 112 114 117 1 2 0  1 2 3  ] 2 3  1 2 5  1 2 5  Description of Sampling Gears • Gill Net s Trammel Net s  Discussion o f  Gear Used Species Composit ion and S easonal Abundance • Patterns of  Distribut ion Spart ial and Temporal Distribution Specific Distribut ion • • • Community Diversity Feed ing and Food Hab its Length-weight Relationships and Condition Index Est imat ion of Growth Parameters from Length-Frequency Data Estimat ion of Mortal ity from Length Frequency Data Total, Natural and Fishing Mor tal ity Selection Patt erns Patterns of Recruitment Result s  and Dis cuss ions Species Compo sition Relat ive and S easonal Abundance Patterns of Distr ibut ion • • • • Spatial and Temporal Distribut ion Patterns Specif ic Distribut ion Patterns viii Page 1 27 1 2 7  1 2 8  1 2 9  1 3 0  1 3 1  1 3 1  1 3 2  136 1 38 1 3 9  1 4 3  1 4 5  1 4 5  1 4 7  148  1 4 9  1 4 9  1 5 7  1 6 9  1 69 1 7 5  Community Diversity • Trophic Status of the Fish Fauna Length-weight relat ionship and Cond ition Index Length-weight rela t ionships for the three maj or species • • • • ;J • Length-weight relat ionship of Ambl yrhynchi chthys truncat12s Length-weight relationship of  Thynnichthys thynnoi des • • . Length-weight rela t ionship of  Punti us schranenfe.ldi i Cond ition Index of Ambl yrhynchichthys trunca tus , Thynnichthys thynnoides and Puntius schwanenfel di i Condition Factor Ambl yrhynchichthys truncatus • Thynni chthys thynnoides Punti us schwanenfeldii Rela t ive Condition • • D .. Ambl yrhynchi chthys trunca tus . Thynnichthys thynnoides Puntius schwanenfeldii Growth Ambl yrhynchichthys trunca tus ix Page 1 83 199 2 03 204 2 04 2 0 9  2 1 1 2 1 6  2 1 6  2 1 6  2 20 2 2 0  22 1 2 2 1  221 222 225 225 Thynnichthys thynnoides • . Punti us schwanenfeldii Mor tal ity Parameters and S election Patterns Ambl yrhynchichthys trunca tus Thynnichthys thynnoi des • Punti us schwanenfel dii Patterns of Recruitment for Ambl yrhynchichthys truncat��/ Ihqnnichthys thynnoides and Punti us schwanenfel di� Su:mrnary Ambl yrhynchichthys truncatus Thynnichthys thynnoides Puntius schwanenfel di i CHAPTER 4 MANAGEMENT OF FISH POPULATIONS IN PAYA BUNGOR General Considerations • Fish Production in Natural and Man-made lakes Past  Experienc e in the Management o f  Natural and Man-made lake Fisher ies • • Characteris t ic s  of  the f ish populations in Pay a Bungor Consequences of the propos ed Paya Bungor development plan of fish populations • •  Management Opt ion for Paya Bungor x Page 2 2 6  2 2 7  24 1 2 4 1  244 250 252 252 253 2 55 2 5 6  2 7 0  2 7 0  2 7 1  276 278  281 285 Improvement of the propos ed Paya Bungor development plan . Recreational Fishery Management • • Identif icat ion of suitable spor t  species • Induced breeding and subsequent larval rearing o f  sebarau , Hampala macrolepidota van Hassel t for sto cking purposes Induced breed ing and larva' production Larval rearing Other Considerations CHAPTER 5 PLATES CONCLUSION LITERATURE CITED • • APPENDICES xi Page 285  289  2 9 1  2 94 294 297  300  303 306 309 333  LIST OF TABLES I . Average seasonal ranges of air temperature , rainfall and relative humidity in Paya Bungor • II. List of microinvertebrates from S tation A • . • • • . • • • . • III . List of microinvertebra tes from S tation B • • • • • • . • . . . IV. List of microinvertebrates from S tation C • • • • . • V .  Summary of the Effect of pH values on Fish VI. -+- + Concentrat ions of ammonia (NH3 NH4 ) which contains an un-ionised amonia (NH3) concentration of 0 . 0025 mg per litre VII .  S easonal abundance of zooplanktons in Paya Bungor • • • • • VIII. Checklist of Phytoplankton in Paya Bungor IX. List of vegetation in Paya Bungor • X .  List o f Fish S pecies in Paya Bungor XI . Occurrence of Fishes at various S tations in Paya Bungor xii oil • • e '" fI III 0 Page 33 48 54 61 64 67 75 81 85 153 156 XII . Percentage Compos ition of Ichthyofauna using several Fishing Methods • • XIII . List of Fish Species Abundance in Paya Bungor , January 1982  to December 1 982 XIV . Working sheet for the Construction and Estimat ion of Parameter s of the log normal d istribution curve for Paya Bungor's ichthyofauna XV . Working sheet for the Construction and Estimat ion of parameters of the log normal distribution curve fro stations A, B and C XVI . Indices of Species Divers ity in Paya Bungor and at various stations XVII . Seasonal variat ions of species Diversity in Paya Bungor and at various stations . . . " . . . . . . . XVIII . Feeding and Food Habits of Fishes in Paya Bungor • • • • XIX . Seasonal variations in length-weight relationships of Ambl yrhynchi chthys trunca tus in Paya Bungor xiii Page 1 59 1 60 1 8 0  1 96 197 202 208 xx. S easonal variat j ons in length-weight relationships Thynni chthys thynno�des in Paya Bungor . XXI . S easonal variations in length-wej ght relationships of Punti us schwanenfel di i in Paya Bungor XXII . S easonal variations of relative condition for the three maj or species in Paya Bungor XXIII Length frequency of Ambl yrhynchi chthys trunca tus XXIV . ELEFAN 1 runs of Ambl yrhynchichthys trunca tus XXV. Length-frequency of Thynni chthys thynnoides • 0 • XXVI. ELEFAN 1 runs for Thynni chthys thynnoi des . . 0 . . . . . 0 . . XXVII. L::ngth-frequency of Punti us schwanenfel dii . . . 0 . . 0 . XXVII . ELEFAN 1 runs for Puntius schwanenfel dii XXIX. ELEFAN 1 output derived from length-frequency data of P. schwanenfel dii ,  A .  trunca tus and T .  thynnoides xiv . . . . . . Page 2 1"'-2 19 2 2 3  228 231 232 . . 2 .... :::: JJ . . 236 2 3 9  240  y�x. Comparative values of grrwth pardmet ers in some tropical Freshwater species • • XXXI. Comparat ive value3 of natural mortality and M/K index of selected tropical freshwater species s .. • • • • \\ .. • c XXXII. Recruitment Pattern for Ambl yrhynchichthys truncatus in Paya Bungor XXXIII . Recruitment Pattern for Thynni chthys r.hyn;lOi des in Paya Bungor . . . XXXIV . Recruitment Pattern for Punti us sch.vanenfeldii XL�V. Major Reservoirs in Peninsular Halaysia xv Page 24 2 2 54 257 259 261 273 LIST OF FIGURES 1 .  Map of propo sed Development PIc.ns for Paya Bungor 2 .  Map of Paya Bungor showing three samrling stations , A, B and C Bathymetric map of Paya Bungor 4. Monthly fluctuations of water levels in Paya Bungor • • • • • • 5 .  Monthly fluctuations of Temperature dissolved oxygen and pH in Paya Bungor 6.  Monthly variat ions of to tal alkalinity, conductivity and sulphate in Paya Bungor 7 .  Monthly variat ions of chloride , phosphate, nitrate-nitrogen and ammonia-nitrogen concentrations in Paya Bungor • • • • 8. S easonal abundance of macro invertebrates in stat ions A, B and C in 1982 9. S easonal abundance of macroinvertebrates in Paya Bungor 1 0 .  S easonal fluctuations of benthic invertebrates ') (per m�) at Paya Bungor Lake from March 1 982 to December 1 982  1 1. S easonal variations of Mollusc and Dipter j d s in Paya Bungor • •  $ . . . . ..  i' .. � . �  .. .  1J xvi Page 27 35 36 37 42 43  4 4  47 71 7 2  73 12. S easonal abundance of microinvertebrates in Paya Bungor • • • • • 13. Seasonal abundance of Proto zoa und Rot ifers at various stations in Paya Bungor 14. S casonal occurrence of Cladocerans alld Copepods at various stations in Paya Bungor 15. ShovJing Preston I s log normal distribution curve • 16. Abundance of Fish species in Paya Bun80r January 1982 to December 1 98 2  17 . Abundance of Fishes in S tation A , January 1982 to December 1982 18. Abundance of Fishes in Station B, January 1982 to December 1982 19 . Abundance of Fishes in S tation C ,  January 1982 to December 1982 2 0 .  Relative abundance of Fish Family in Paya Bungor 21.  S easonal abundance of Fishes in Paya Bungor 22. S easonal abundance of Fishes in S tation A 23. Seasonal abundance of Fishes in S tation B 24 . S easonal abundance of Fishes in S tation £"' '-' . 2 5, Diurnal Distribution of Fishes in Paya Bungor 2 6. Diversity Indices at various t imes of Day xvii Page 7 7  78 7 9  99 161 1 62 163 165 169 170 171 172  17 6 1 7 7  27.  Log-normal Distribution of Fishes in Paya Bungor (with abcissae in logarithm to the base 2) • • • • • • 28. Log-normal Distribution cf Fishes �n Paya Bungor (with abcissae in natural logdrithm) 2 9. Log-normal distribution of Fishes in S tations A and B 30. Log-normal distribution of Fishes in S tation C 31 . Canonical log-normal distribution of Fishes in Paya Bungor (using logarithm to the base of 2) 32. Canonical log-norm�l distribution of Fishes in Station A (using logar ithm to the base of 2) 33 . Canonical log-normal distribution of Fishes in S tation B (using logar ithm to the base of 2)  34. Canonical log-normal distribution of Fishes in S tation C (using logarithm to the base of 2 )  • • • • •  e . .. .. . .  · " e  • • •  35. Canonical log-normal distribution of Fishes in Paya Bungor (using natural logarithm) xviii Page' 181  182 185 18 6 188 1 89 190 1 91 3 6 .  Canonical log-normal distribution of Fishes in Station A (using natural logarithm) . • . 37. Canonical log-normal distributicfl of Fishes in Station B (using natural logariL;,T]l) . • .  38, Canonical log-normal distr ibution of Fi�hes in Station C (using naLural logar ith�) 39, S easonal patterns of species diversity at various lO�2tions in Paya Bungor 4 0 .  Lengt:h-weight relationship of Ambl yrhynchichthys trunca tus ( Insert - log transformation) 4 1 .  Length-weight relationship of males and female3 of Ambl yrhynchichthys truncatus • • • 'II • 42. Length-weight relationship of Thynnichthys thynnoides Ld. Lenglh-';Jcight relationsldp of male arid female Thynni chthys thynnoides 44. Length-weight relationship of Punti us schwanenfel di i 45. Length-weight relationship of males and females of puntius schwanenfel di i 4 6 .  S easonal variat ions in relative condition for the three maj or species in Paya Bungor 4 7 .  Length-frequency of Ambl yrhychichthys truncatus showing growth curves xix Page 1 92 193 194 1 98 206 207  21'2 213 2 1 7  2 18 2 2 9  48.  Restruc�ured length-frequency for Ambl y rhynchi chthys truncatus showing growth curves • 49 . l.ength frequency of Thynni chthys thynnoides showing grmvth curves 50.  Restructured length-frequency for Thqnnichthys thynnoides showing growth curves 5 1 . Length-frequency of Punti us schwanenfeldii showing grcwth curves 52. Restructured length-frequency for Pllntius schwanenfel dii showing growth curves 53 . Length growth curves for the three species in PayD. Bungor 54 . Catch curve for 11mbl yrhynchichthys truncatus Pa@:e 230  233 234 237 238 243 245  55. Selection patterns of Ambl yrhynchichthys truncatus. . 246  56 . 57 . Catch curve for Thynnichthys thynnoides Select ion patterns of Thynni chthys thynnoi des 58. Length converted catch curve for Puntius schwanenfel dii 59. Selection patterns of Puntius schwanenfeldii 60 . Recruitment patterns fay Amblyrhynchichthys Truncatus . !e . e "'  . . . . . ... . . 61 . Recruitment patterns for Thynnichthys thynnoides 6 20 Recruitment patterns for Puntius schwanenfeldii 63 . Showing Paya Bungor 'vith new proposed plan xx 2�7 248 249 24 6 2 58 2 6 0  262  290 LIST OF PLATES PLATE Page lA Kelesa , Saleropages formosus 306 IB Kelah ,  Tor tambroides 306 ') Sebarau, Hampala macrolepi dota 307 ,:. 3A Toman , Channa mi crol epi s 308 3B Haruan, Channa striatus J08 xxi species accounts for more than 8 0  per cent of t:he species compo­s it ion. The three most dominant species are ArnbJyrhynchlchthys trunca t us ,  Thynnichthys thynnoides and Pun ti us schwanenfeldii .  The pattern of seasonal abundance indicates influence of physico-chemical parameters l ike water l�vel (WL) , Wdt:er tempera ture (T ) and conductivity (C ) . Their relationship was formulated and simplified into an equation. The f ish populat ion vf Paya Bungor are highly-heterogenous and they exhibit spatial and temporal pat:terns of distributions, mo stly relatEd to feeding . Ho\"ever the pattern breaks dO\m during breeding season . The distribution of f ish comrr unities f its both log-normal and canonical log-normal distribut ion rather well, reflect ing a large assembl ies of species existing in Paya Bungor . Seasonal variations in the community diversity are not ed mo stly accounted by fluctuations in water level. A large proport ion of the fish species are �arnivorous , followed by omnivores and detritivores . However , in terms of populat ion abundance , the detritivores constitutes almost sixty per cent of the total population in Paya Bungor. Together with the omnivores, they comprise 85 pe£ cent of the total fish populat ion , corresponding to the fish co�munity in the middle and lower reaches of rivers. The growth of the three maj or species, Amblyrhynchich�hys trunca tus, Thynni chthys thynnojdes and Pun ti u5 schwanenreldii , xxiii reflected by the length-weight relationships, are isometric for the two former species and allometric for the latt er species. The von Bertalanffy I s Growth Forrruia for the three species are computed. The coefficients of total mortality, 'natural mortality, f ishing mortality and the exploitation rate for the three major species were also calculated. The mean age of first capture for T. thynnoi des and A. truncatus is about one year old and by the t ime they reach about Vi years old , they can be fully retained by the f ishing gear . On the o ther hand, P. schwanenfel dii exhibits low f ishing mortality but are retained much earlier in life, ::::: the age of nine months . However this species also remains in the exploitable size range for only about: s ix months. There appears to be a s ingle recruitment season for A. trunca tus occurring during periods of high water . In contrast, although T .  thynnoides also has a major recruitment season , it occurs during dry season when the water level is low. schwanenfel dii is recruited almost all the year round. With regard to the propos ed Paya Bungor Developme�t Plan, a few drawbacks were ident if ied which can cause several adverse effect:s on the existing f ish populations . S everal managefl!ent options for Paya Bungor were also proposed . xxiv 

Fish Communities In Paya Bungor, With Notes On Its Development, Management And Recreational Use

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Fish Communities In Paya Bungor, With Notes On Its Development, Management And Recreational Use

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