Persistent corrosion problems through hazardous chemicals and hydrocarbon are potentially harmful resulting into failure and breakdown of infrastructure in marine, oil and gas vessels, petroleum distillation plant, and chemical processing industries. Despite this unstoppable catastrophe, reduction in the amount of cost incurred by corrosion has been an effort by researcher in the field of material science to tackle. This paper addresses the major challenge of materials failure in services resulting to high cost, and the potential remedy form from several applications

Agboola, Oluranti

Akpoborie, J.

Ayoola, A. A.

Dunlami, O.

Fayomi, O. S. I

Inegbenebor, A.O.

Samuel, O.D.

Covenant University Repository

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and EngineeringPAPER • OPEN ACCESSElectrochemical reaction of corrosion and itsnegative economic impactTo cite this article: J. Akpoborie et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1107 012071 View the article online for updates and enhancements.You may also likeCharacterization and utilization of coconutcoir and bentonite-based adsorbents forremoval of lead metal ion from hazardousliquid wasteMariana, F Mulana, B I Perkasa et al.-Thermodynamics and Parametric Study ofthe Grate ClinkerCooler Using the ProcessModelAnthony I. Okoji, Ambrose N. Anozie,James A. Omoleye et al.-Analysis of water-ethanol-gasoline (RON88) compositions in one phase substance-using triangular graphH F Sangian, B H Manialup, A As’ari et al.-This content was downloaded from IP address 165.73.223.226 on 24/11/2021 at 12:33Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distributionof this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.Published under licence by IOP Publishing LtdInternational Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020)IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107  (2021) 012071IOP Publishingdoi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/0120711Electrochemical reaction of corrosion and its negative economicimpactJ. Akpoborie1, O.S.I. Fayomi 1, 2*, A.O. Inegbenebor1, A.A. Ayoola3, O. Dunlami3,O.D. Samuel4, O. Agboola31Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Ota,Nigeria2Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, TshwaneUniversity of Technology, P.M.B. X680, Pretoria, South Africa.ojo.fayomi@covenantuniversity.edu.ng,Ojosundayfayomi3@gmail.com+23480368867833Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, P.M.B 1023, Ota,Nigeria4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum resources,Warri, NigeriaAbstractPersistent corrosion problems through hazardous chemicals and hydrocarbon arepotentially harmful resulting into failure and breakdown of infrastructure in marine, oiland gas vessels, petroleum distillation plant, and chemical processing industries.Despite this unstoppable catastrophe, reduction in the amount of cost incurred bycorrosion has been an effort by researcher in the field of material science to tackle. Thispaper addresses the major challenge of materials failure in services resulting to highcost, and the potential remedy form from several applications.Keywords: Material failure, electrochemical reaction, infrastructure, protection1. IntroductionMaterial selection is a very important part of the manufacturing process as it determines theperformance of the operation and the cost. Meeting product performance as well as costminimization is the main targets of material selection. So obtaining the knowledge of serviceconditions as well as looking at the types of materials that can be selected are of paramountimportance [1]Iron is the fourth most abundant element on earth and is the most abundant by mass. Thismakes Iron of relatively good cost compared to other materials. Iron is a metal that has a widerange of applications and is very versatile coupled together with its low cost of processingmakes it a desirable material in material selection [2] Iron coupled together with Carbon andother elements such as: Manganese, Silicon, Phosphorous and Sulphur make Mild steel [3]Mild steel is a material that is of high importance to industry due to its low cost and its verywide areas of application. Mild steel is useful in applications that range from engineering,services domestic, marine, industrial applications etc. [4-6]. Its excellent mechanicalproperties allow for mild steel to participate effectively in manufacturing and construction oflarge structures such as bridges buildings etc. Mild steel is used in applications of roomtemperature and in applications of high temperatures involving boilers, pipelines and isinvolved in the chemical industry for handling salts, alkalis and acids [7].International Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020)IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107  (2021) 012071IOP Publishingdoi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/0120712Mild steel is used in most of the steel applications on the planet; however it is verysusceptible to acidic environments, especially environments that contain chloride ions. Mildsteel is a metal of choice because of its ease of fabrication, low cost and wide applicabilitybut when it comes to acidic environments mild steel has a very low resistance to corrosion inthese conditions. The environments help lead to the dissolution of the metal which eventuallyleads to failure of the metal in service shortening its service life, and it leads to more costsand lower profits [8].Corrosion may be defined as the chemical deterioration of any material and its properties dueto the electrochemical reaction between that material and the environment [9-11]. TheCorrosion of a material cannot happen without any electrochemical reaction taking place;likewise corrosion cannot take place without the appropriate environment [12-15]. Theelectrochemical reactions that take place within metals consist of oxidation and reductionreactions and these reactions occur simultaneously [16-18]. Oxidation reaction cannot takeplace without reduction reactions and vice versa. In other words, Corrosion involves transferof electrons between a material and its environment [19]. The figure below shows the anodicand cathodic reactions of corrosion.Figure 1. Electrochemical reactions in Corrosion [19]As shown in the above figure Corrosion takes place at the anodic side of the reaction. In otherwords, dissolution of the metal into its ionic form takes place at the anode while the cathodeis where electrons from the solution enter into the metal. A representation of the typicalreactions that happen at the anode and cathode of the corrosion of Iron is shown belowthrough equations 1 and 2Anodic ReactionFe Fe2+ + 2e- (1)Cathodic ReactionsO2 + H2O + 4e- = 4OH- (2)O2 + 4H+ + 4e- = 2H2O (3)2H+ + 2e- = H2 (4)Fe3+ + e- = Fe2+ (5)Equation 1 represents the anodic reaction of Iron as electrons leave it and enter the solution toform Iron ions. The Cathodic reactions are represented by equations 22. Corrosion cost and the challenges with infrastructureInternational Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020)IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107  (2021) 012071IOP Publishingdoi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/0120713In this modern age of technological advancement corrosion has proven to be an engineeringproblem that is very serious. It leads to damages of structures that cannot be reversed andaccounts for heavy economic losses. According to the National Association of CorrosionEngineers (NACE) Corrosion costs globally accounted for about 3.4% of the global GrossDomestic Product as at 2013, which amounts to $2.5 Trillion US Dollars [13, 14]. Accordingto NACE with current day technology about a third of costs incurred by Corrosion can besaved, and there are various methods that help implement corrosion control. The harmfuleffects of corrosion can be felt on society in both direct and indirect ways. Direct ways beingthat it affects how long we use our possession and indirect being that incurred costs obtainedby manufacturers through corrosion are passed to consumers. Corrosion endangers livestaking for example is the collapse of the “Silver bridge” in Ohio due to corrosion. It took thelives of 46 people and severely injured 9 people. The cost to fix the bridge was in millions ofdollars [26].These are some of the negative economic impact that corrosion has in society: When it concerns appearance devaluation of a building, structure or antique. Contamination of product; such as the case when corroded pipelines carry liquid. Reduction in efficiency; as the case when heat exchangers are corroded Unable to use materials that were desirable Equipment adjacent to point of corrosion are damaged. Equipment that has corroded needs to be replaced. Corrosion failure that leads to the stoppage of equipment. Corrosion causes the need to overdesign to compensate for corrosion that would occur. Corrosion causes the need for preventive maintenance practice such as: painting.Corrosion also has some social effects which include the endangerment of human safety,which involves fires or explosions due to corrosion as well as the collapse of a structure.Concerns such as health hazards arise due to the pollution produced by the corroded products[27].Corrosion is an unavoidable process nevertheless it is a process that can be limited andcontrolled. To control this natural phenomenon, it needs to be understood by its mode ofactivation and propagation. The mechanisms that enable the corrosion must be known so asto prevent their activity or their effects. These studies lead to various methods of corrosioncontrol: Material Selection Change of environment Use of Inhibitors Use of surface coats Design of equipment Electrical Protection [15]Each of the above methods of corrosion protection has applications for where they are bestsuited. Material Selection is the most common method of corrosion prevention. This simplydeals with selecting materials that satisfy the best criteria when it comes to the performanceand efficiency of the operation [24-26]. Change of environment deals with the altering certainfactors in the environment that slows down the corrosion process; for example, removingoxygen from the solution. Inhibitors are substances or a combination of substances that areadded in low concentrations to reduce or eradicate the corrosive effect of the environment onInternational Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020)IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107  (2021) 012071IOP Publishingdoi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/0120714a material [7]. Surface coats are simply coverings applied to a material to protect it fromcorrosion. There are different ways surface coats can be applied namely: Electrodeposition,Flame spraying, and Cladding etc. The design of equipment has to do with the designmeasures taken to reduce the effect of corrosion. Ensuring homogeneity throughout design isone of the design measures. Electrical protection deals with using electrical currents toprotect a material. This can be done by a process called galvanic coupling which uses asacrificial anode where the material itself serves as the cathode in the process or by using anexternal power supply to protect the material [21-23]The use of inhibitors is the major focus of this study. The classes of inhibitors can be splitinto 2: Organic and Inorganic Inhibitors. Inorganic inhibitors have been in use over the yearsand have proven to be the source of ecological and health problems due to its toxicity. Thesearch for Organic inhibitors as an alternative has been on the increase due to its lower costand it is ecologically friendly to the environment [28]. This study is based on the use ofOrganic inhibitors as a solution to Stress Corrosion Cracking on Mild Steel. The toxicity ofInorganic inhibitors has harmful effects on human health and they affect the environment in anegative way. Costs incurred by the use of Inorganic inhibitors can be checked by the use ofeco-friendly organic inhibitors which are of low cost [28].3. From steel to stress corrosion crackingMild steel is a very versatile material that has applications in many areas of industry andcompared to other materials is of a low cost [4]. Mild steel is used extensively in the use ofconstruction because of its ease of machinability and its strength. Mild steel is usedextensively in the handling of salt, alkali and acidic solutions. Its tendency to corrode whenexposed to acidic environments is a problem and involves the need of corrosion controltechniques to mitigate the effect of corrosion on mild steel [5].Corrosion is a problem that is experienced all over the world and it is a process that isunfortunately unavoidable. Its effects is prevalent on many industries and its problems causeconstant replacement of corroded materials and other maintenance or preventive measuresthat control corrosion [20-23]Stress corrosion cracking is a phenomenon that occurs because of the simultaneous action ofa specific corrosive environment and applied tensile stress. It has led to the sudden failure ofmany structural members and endangers the lives of people. In fact you can say stresscorrosion cracking is the major cause of unforeseen failures of structures in industry. Thegovernment of the United States of America spends billions of US dollars every yearmanaging the effects of stress corrosion cracking [10].ConclusionThis study has established the need to vital corrosion mechanism, ways toward improving thelife-span of structures against failure and effects of stress corrosion cracking. Moreso, theoverview affirmed that provision of an alternative to toxic and non-environmentally friendlyinorganic inhibitors with eco-friendly organic inhibitors is require for effective and efficientmitigation.AcknowledgementThe authors will like to appreciate partial support of Covenant University toward completionof this workInternational Conference on Engineering for Sustainable World (ICESW 2020)IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107  (2021) 012071IOP Publishingdoi:10.1088/1757-899X/1107/1/0120715Reference1. Akande,I.G, Oluwole,O.O and Fayomi, O.S.I, (2018).Optimizing the defensivecharacteristics of mild steel via the electrodeposition of Zn-Si3N4 reinforcing particles.Defence Technology, 14, 1–72. Basov, V. (2015). True giants of mining: World’s top 10 iron ore mines.3. Muthukrishnan, P., Prakash, P., Ilayaraja, M., Jeyaprabha, B., & Shankar, K. (2015).Effect of acidified feronia elephantum leaf extract on the corrosion behavior of mildsteel. 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Electrochemical reaction of corrosion and its negative economic impact

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Electrochemical reaction of corrosion and its negative economic impact

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