Soil compaction can be explained using basic properties of soil.

Cohesive soil sample were collected from five major region of the

main site of investigation. Unlike other method of analyzing soil

compaction, temperature deviation curves were used as the

determinant for testing for compaction. It was discovered also that

the temperature deviation curves can be used to find the annual

amplitude of the surface soil temperatures. Soils in Abuja displayed

some degree of compaction except for Gwagwalada that showed

negligible compaction. Garki location produced the highest

compaction at 14cm depth. The highest annual amplitude of the

surface soil temperatures was noticed in Kuje and the lowest in

Bwari

Adelabu, J. S.

Emetere, Moses

Uno, U. E.

Covenant University Repository

Science Journal of Civil Engineering & ArchitectureISSN: 2276-6332http://www.sjpub.org/sjcea.html© Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License.Published ByScience Journal PublicationInternational Open Access PublisherResearch ArticleParametric Investigation of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction Using Temperature DeviationCurvesUno E Uno, Moses E Emetere, Adelabu, J. S.*Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology Minna P.M.B 65, Minna.* Department of Physics, University of Abuja, Nigeria.AbstractSoil compaction can be explained using basic properties of soil.Cohesive soil sample were collected from five major region of themain site of investigation. Unlike other method of analyzing soilcompaction, temperature deviation curves were used as thedeterminant for testing for compaction. It was discovered also thatthe temperature deviation curves can be used to find the annualamplitude of the surface soil temperatures. Soils in Abuja displayedsome degree of compaction except for Gwagwalada that showednegligible compaction. Garki location produced the highestcompaction at 14cm depth. The highest annual amplitude of thesurface soil temperatures was noticed in Kuje and the lowest inBwari.Keywords:soil compaction, soil bulk density, temperaturedeviation curve,soil moisture, annual amplitude of the surface soiltemperaturesIntroductionSoil compaction, though an old time discuss hasattracted much publications from diverse discipline.Recently, researches are still ongoing in differentdiscipline on same subject matter. Initially, theshovel was the first tool used to detect soilcompaction, latter proctor methods, pocketpenetrometer, cone penetrometer, motor-drivenpenetrometer, X-band microwave frequency, L-bandradiometry ⁽⁵,⁷,⁹⁾ e.t.c.  Compacted soil has smaller poresand fewer natural channels, hence water infiltrationis drastically reduced and this causes greatersurface wetness, more run off, which in turnincreases erosion, and longerdrying  time.⁽  ²⁾  From  past  research  work  on  soilcompaction, some soil properties were used tomeasure the degree of compaction e.g soil moisturecontent, soil bulk density, soil temperature, soilcompressibility, soil strength, penetration resistance,soil structure e.t.c.The denser the soil, the greater the volume ratio ofsolid particles to air, and the larger the dielectricpermittivityofdry soil, ⁽¹⁾ more so, it has been discovered that the bulkdensity of soil density affects the real and imaginarypartsof complex  permittivity.⁽⁹⁾ Soil strength is said to increaseas bulk density and water potential increases. ⁽⁵,⁶⁾ Anothersoil properties discussed when investigating soilcompaction is the moisture content, research has shownthat as the moisture content increases, compactibilityincreases until the moisture content is approximatelyat the fieldcapacity point, when a condition known as the optimummoisture  content  for  compaction  is  reached.  ⁽⁴,¹⁴⁾  Theproper estimation of soil moisture content is a fundamentalissue as well in food security research, land managementsystems, pollution detection, nutrient flows, (wild-)firedetection, (desert)  locust and carbon balance modeling.⁽⁴⁾Soil moisture content is one of the prime environmentalvariables related to land surface climatology, hydrologyand ecology. It has been discovered that plastic flowcontributes to the complete destruction of soil structureand macro- pores, therefore it can be used to determinesoil  compaction.⁽³⁾Many researchers’ have shown that the moisture-holdingcapacity of soil is significantly influenced bytemperature.⁽⁸,¹¹⁾This research is aimed at investigating soilcompaction through the use of a different methodi.e. temperature deviation curves. The Al-Nadhabandiand Kohnke soil compaction method⁽¹⁶,¹¹⁾ was closely studiedand modified to account for its short comings.2. Theory and calculationHilel (10) gave the annual variation of daily average soiltemperature at different depths, he described it with thefollowing sinusoidal function.where T(z,t) is the soil temperature at time t (d) and depthz (m), Ta is the average soil temperature (�C), A0 is the annualamplitude of the surface soil temperature (�C), d is thedamping depth (m) of annual fluctuation and t0 is the timelag . Since modern method of testing soil compactionrequires relatively small time, thereforeThis can be further analysed asVolume 2012, Article ID sjcea-279, 6 Pages, 2012. doi: 10.7237/sjcea/279Accepted 17�� March, 2012Corresponding Author: Moses E EmetereDepartment of Physics, Federal University of Technology Minna P.M.B 65, Minna, Nigeria. Email: emetere@yahoo.com12Science Journal of Civil Engineering & Architecture(ISSN: 2276-6332) Page 2It is assumed that can also be known astemperature deviation. Through calculation,Where = soil particle density which is aapproximately 2.66gcm‐³ by latest research ⁽⁹⁾, = soilbulk density. Therefore,33. Material and MethodThe study area is Abuja, Federal Capital Territory (FCT),central part of Nigeria . The soil samples were collectedfrom five Local Government Areas in Abuja i.e. Abaji, Bwari,Garki, Gwagwalada and Kuje local Government Areas whichare good representation of federal capital territory, Abuja.The region of study is located between latitude 8o 24'N - 9o20'N of the equator and between longitudes 7o 30'E - 8o48'E of the Greenwich Meridian. The study was carried at14cm soil depth. The subsoil were identified with particles68.58% sand,26.14% clay,5.25% silt, 0.64% organiccarbon,1.10% organic matter. Ten PVC tubes, each of length30cm and diameter 8.0cm had been drilled along the tubesat 2.0cm intervals. Holes through which thermometer couldbe inserted were drilled. One end of each tube was sealedwith copper plate to prevent the soil sample from falling off.Varying known quantity of water (ranging from 0.5-2.0liters) was sprinkled evenly over equal quantities of wellspread samples which were initially air-dried for six days.The samples were thoroughly mixed to ensure uniformmoisture distribution .Small quantity of the soil sample wascollected in a crucible for oven drying; this helped in thecomputation of the moisture content of the soil. The restof the samples were packed into PVC tubes, one was usedfor soil water content measurement and other was used asa reference for soil temperature measurement.Thermometers (0oC -110oC) were inserted in each of thePVC tubes at the reference soil column at depths of 14 cm,12 cm and 10 cm to monitor the vertical temperaturevariation. At each depth, two thermometers were installed3 cm apart to monitor the horizontal temperature variation.The top of the PVC tubes were covered with a blackpolythene sheet then placed in the open field to be heatedby solar energy.4. Results and DiscussionThe results obtained during the experiment are shownbelow in table 1 and table 2.MeanmaximumTemperatureT1(oC) T2(oC) T3(oC) T4(oC) T5(oC) T6(oC) T7(oC) T8(oC) T9(oC) T10(oC)Abaji 51·0 52·0 56·0 55·0 52·0 50·0 52·0 49·0 44·0 48·0Bwari 40·0 44·0 41·0 40·0 38·0 39·0 40·0 40·0 39·0 38·0Garki 42·0 53·0 52·0 49·0 54·0 53·0 55·0 52·0 49·0 51·0Gwagwalada 45·0 48·0 43·0 42·0 43·0 46·0 46·5 47·0 46·5 46·0Kuje 52·0 55·0 47·0 52·0 53·5 56·0 52·0 51·0 52·5 57·0Table 1: Mean maximum temperature at 14cm depth in five local government Areas of Abuja.How to Cite this Article: Uno E Uno, Moses E Emetere, Adelabu, J. S., "Parametric Investigation of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction Using Temperature Deviation Curves"Science Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Volume 2012, Article ID sjcea-279, 6 Pages, 2012. doi: 10.7237/sjcea/279Page 3 Science Journal of Civil Engineering & Architecture(ISSN: 2276-6332)Bulkdensity(gcm-³)1.32 1.34 1.36 1.43 1.45 1.48 1.52 1·50 1·55 1·56Moisturecontents(%)7·70 9·40 14·20 17·70 20·20 21·00 22·70 25·00 30·00 31·30Table2:Bulk density and moisture contents at 14cm depth in five localBulk SoilDensityMoistureA Content BSoilTemperature MoistureContentBulk SoilDensitySoilTemperatureDaysCDFig 1.1: (A) Bulk density progressions per day (B) Soil moisture content progression per day (C) Soil temperature progressionsper day-blue line signifying Bwari L.G.A., red line signifying Gwagwalada L.G.A., purple line signifying Abaji L.G.A., Green linesignifying Garki L.G.A., sky-blue line signifying KujeFig1.2:temperature-Bulk density retrogression,When=1Fig1.3:temperature-Bulk density retrogression,When=0.5How to Cite this Article: Uno E Uno, Moses E Emetere, Adelabu, J. S., "Parametric Investigation of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction Using Temperature Deviation Curves"Science Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Volume 2012, Article ID sjcea-279, 6 Pages, 2012. doi: 10.7237/sjcea/279Science Journal of Civil Engineering & Architecture(ISSN: 2276-6332) Page 4Fig1.4:temperature-Bulk density retrogression,When=-1Fig1.5:temperature vs Bulk density retrogression,When=-0.5Fig1.6:temperature vs Annual temp. Amplitude progression,when =1.32Fig1.7:temperature vs soil bulk density progression inAbaji L.G.A, When 120 ≤ ≥ 130. Experimental andtheoretical graph shown aboveFig1.8:temperature vs soil bulk density progression inBwari L.G.A, When ‐120 ≤ ≥ 130. Experimental  andtheoretical graph shown aboveFig1.9:temperature vs soil bulk density progression inGarki L.G.A,When 120 ≤ ≥ 130. Experimental andand theoretical graph shownHow to Cite this Article: Uno E Uno, Moses E Emetere, Adelabu, J. S., "Parametric Investigation of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction Using Temperature Deviation Curves"Science Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Volume 2012, Article ID sjcea-279, 6 Pages, 2012. doi: 10.7237/sjcea/279Page 5 Science Journal of Civil Engineering & Architecture(ISSN: 2276-6332)Fig1.10:temperature vs soil bulk density progression inGwagwalada L.G.A, when  ‐120 ≤  ≥ 130.  Experimentaland theoretical graph shownFig1.11: temperature vs soil bulk density progression inKuje L.G.A,When ‐120 ≤ ≥ 130. Experimental andtheoretical graph shown aboveThe soil moisture progression per day as shown in Figure(1.1A,B) is in agreement with past research work. (12,13,14,15) The longer the days, the greater the soil moisture andthe bulk density of the soil. The results revealed that theeffect of the soil type. The organic contents and thecompactive energy on the dry density affect the porosity ofthe soil. It is also evident (from figure 1.1C&D) that as soilmoisture increased from air-dry state, maximum soiltemperature increased to a maximum value of dry densitycalled optimum water content. The compacting energy used9.4% for all the locations except Abaji which was at 14.2%and decrease after that point. Beyond the optimum values,the maximum soil temperature decreases with increasingvalue of moisture content to lower optimum value at 21%moisture. The decrease in maximum temperature is due tothe fact that addition of water to dry soil expels some soilair and increases the thermal contact between the soilparticles. This results shows a large increase in thermalconductivity, k and a small increase in the volumetric heatcapacity. The overall result is an increase in the thermaldiffusivity. Figure1.2-1.5 shows the effects of temperaturedeviations on the soil bulk density. First (in figure1.2) whenthe annual amplitude of the surface soil temperature isunity, the graph shows that a negative relationship. Thesame occurrence happened when the annual amplitude ofthe surface soil temperature is 0.5(as shown in figure 1.3).The amplitude of the surface soil temperature was made -1and -0.5 as shown in figure 1.4 and 1.5 respectively. Positiverelation between the temperature deviations and the bulkdensity was noticed which simply means that thesusceptibility for compaction is more visible at the negativeannual amplitude of the surface soil temperature. In figure1.6, the bulk density was rather constant to observe thevariations between the temperature deviations and annualamplitude of the surface soil temperature. It results showsa linear relationship between them. Figure 1.7- 1.11 is themain analysis of the temperature deviation curve which wasderived in equation (ii) above. Generally, the temperaturedeviations in the practical values have an irregularsinusoidal shape. The theoretical graph is the paraboliccurve which had intersects with the irregular sinusoidalgraph. Figure 1.7- 1.11 has two major advantages (i) itpredicts the annual amplitude of the surface soiltemperature of a region (ii) It predicts the presence of soilcompaction. Figure 1.7 has one point of intersection whichgave an annual amplitude of the surface soil temperature (?16oC).The amplitude of the practical value is higher thanthe theoretical amplitude; therefore it shows the presenceof soil compaction in Abaji L.G.A. Figure 1.8 also has onepoint of intersection and annual amplitude of the surfacesoil temperature ( ?0.5 oC). The amplitude of the practicalvalue is higher than the theoretical amplitude, therefore itshows the presence of soil compaction in Bwari L.G.A. Figure1.9 has six points of intersection which gave the followingannual amplitude of the surface soil temperatures( ?-116oC,-25 oC,11 oC,33 oC,50 oC and 53 oC).The average istherefore ?9 oC. The amplitude of the practical value ishigher than the theoretical amplitude, therefore it showsthe presence of soil compaction in Garki L.G.A. Figure 1.10has one point of intersection which gave an annualamplitude of the surface soil temperature ( ?-46oC).Theamplitude of the practical value is lower than the theoreticalamplitude, therefore it shows that there is a negligiblepresence of soil compaction in Gwagwalada L.G.A. Figure1.11 has four points of intersection which gave the followingannual amplitude of the surface soil temperatures( ?-58oC,-27oC,40 oC,56 oC). The average is therefore ?16 oC. Theamplitude of the practical value is higher than thetheoretical amplitude, therefore it shows the presence ofsoil compaction in kuje L.G.A.5.0 ConclusionSoils in Abuja display some degree of compaction except forGwagwalada that showed negligible compaction. Garkilocation produced the highest compaction at 14cm depth.The highest annual amplitude of the surface soiltemperatures was noticed in Kuje and the lowest in Bwari.AppreciationThis work is self-funded. We appreciate Mrs. JenniferEmetere for editing the script. We appreciate the Head ofPhysics Department of the above named institutionHow to Cite this Article: Uno E Uno, Moses E Emetere, Adelabu, J. S., "Parametric Investigation of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction Using Temperature Deviation Curves"Science Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Volume 2012, Article ID sjcea-279, 6 Pages, 2012. doi: 10.7237/sjcea/279Science Journal of Civil Engineering & Architecture(ISSN: 2276-6332) Page 6References1. Adelabu, J. S. and Uno, E. (2004): Effect of soil Moisture andSoil Diffusivity Zuma JPAS 6: 58 - 61.2. Amacher, Michael C.; O'Neill, Katherine P. 2004. Assessing soilcompaction on Forest Inventory & Analysis phase 3 field plotsusing a pocket penetrometer. Research Paper RMRS-RP-46WWW. Fort Collins, CO:U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 7 p.3. Adelabu, J. S. and Uno, E. (2005): Soil Compaction Causes andconsequences. Zuma, JSPAS 7: 56-594. Al Nakshabandi G. and H. Kohnke(1965) Thermal Conductivityand Diffusivity of Soil as Related to Moisture Tension andother Physical Properties, Agric. Meteorol. 2,271-2795. Carter Smith (1997): Assessing the compaction susceptibilityof South African Forestry soil. Tillage Research 43: 335 - 354.6. Cary J. W. (1965): Water flux in moist soil. Thermal versussuction Gradients. Soil Sc. 168 - 175.7. Ellis, C I (1980). Soil compaction at low moisture content -field trials in Sudan. 7th Regional Conference for Africa onSoil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Accra, Ghana, 1-7 June 19808. Fredlund, D.G., Gitirana Jr., G.(2005); Unsaturated SoilMechanics as a Series of Partial Differential Equations.Proceedings of International Conference on ProblematicSoils, 25-27 May 2005,Eastern Mediterranean University,Famagusta, N. Cyprus pp 1-289. Gupta V.R ,, Jangid R.A (2011):The Effect of Bulk Density onEmission Behaviour of Soil at Microwave Frequencies.Int.Journal of Microwave Sc. and Tech,Vol 2011,Article ID 160129,pp 1-610. Hillel, D. 1982. Introduction to soil physics. Academic Press,San Diego, CA.11. Hilf, J. W. (1956), An Investigation of Pore Water Pressures inCompacted Cohesive Soils, Technical Memorandum 654, U. S.Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver,Colorado.12. Herrick, J.E.; Jones, T.L. 2002. A dynamic cone penetrometerfor measuring soil penetration resistance. Soil Science SocietyOf America Journal 66:1320-1324.13. Kumar, C. P., Arora, Manohar, Singh, Digamber, Mittal, Sanjay,Srivastava, S. L. and Rao, P. R. (1999). Variation of SoilMoisture Characteristics in a Part of Hindon River Catchment,Case Study Report No. CS(AR)-4, National Institute ofHydrology, Roorkee, 1998-99, 61 p.14. Taylor, H.M.; Gardner, H.B. 1962. Penetration of cottonseedling taproots as influenced by bulk density, moisturecontent, and strength of soil. Soil Science 96:153-156.15. Willem W. Verstraeten , Frank Veroustraete and Jan Feyen(2008); Assessment of Evapotranspiration and Soil MoistureContent Across Different Scales of Observation, Sensors 8,70-11716. Yuanshi Gong, Qiaohong Cao and Zongjia Sun (2003): Theeffects of soil bulk density, clay content and temperature onsoil water content measurement using time-domainreflectometry . Hydrol. Process. 17, 3601-3614How to Cite this Article: Uno E Uno, Moses E Emetere, Adelabu, J. S., "Parametric Investigation of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction Using Temperature Deviation Curves"Science Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Volume 2012, Article ID sjcea-279, 6 Pages, 2012. doi: 10.7237/sjcea/279

Parametric Investigation of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction Using Temperature Deviation

Curves

http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/10796/1/sjcea-279.pdf

Parametric Investigation of Soil Susceptibility to Compaction Using Temperature Deviation Curves

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Covenant University Repository