Kehinde-Philips, O. O.

Odukoya, Abiodun M.

Otuleye, A. S.

Covenant University Repository

Joumal Of The Nigerian Association Of Hydrogeologists November, 20 12 Publisher · Nigerian Assoc iation of Hydrogeologists Editor-in-Chief Prof. A.F. Abimbola Editorial Board Prof. G.E. Oteze FNMGS, FNAH Prof. M.E. Offodile FNMGS, FNAH Prof. B.D. Ako FNMGS, FNAH Prof. P.I. Olasehinde, FNAH Prof. K. Ibe Dr. M .O. Eduvie, FNAH Dr. E.A. Bala Dr. M .N. Tijani Dr. I. Goni Mr. A.A. Osula Dr. T.K.S . Abam Editorial Office Department of Geology University of Ibadan , lbadan , Nigeria. E-mail: bimbosah @yahoo.com af.abimbola@maiLui.edu.ng ISSN 0795-6495 r I' 1. Ti l T" I t ';"' L L ~~ I·. L -l .,.. L L -l ... i L l T' -.. -.... ~ .... ) f W;Hcr Resources (2005) 16: 25- :lO ISBN 0795-M95 Health cn{cts of arsenic and cadmium concentrations in the well and surface waters of Ago-Iwoyc, southwcstcn1 Nigeria Kchindc-l'hilips, 0.0., Odulwya, A.M. and Oluyclc, 1\.S Dctlfll't/1/ellt of Harth Sciences, 0/abisi Onabanjo University, Agn-lwuye, Ogtur State Abstract Tl)c conccn!r~1lions of Arsenic and Cadmium in hand dug wells and surface waler within Ago-lwuye an:<~, So11~hwcs1, Nigeria were c1clermi ned in order lo investignle !heir health implications. Thirty w<.~tcr samplc;s which cons is! of ninc:c.:en frorn hand dug wells, six from streams and five from rivers were analy:1.cd for !heir pH, To!;d Dissol vt:d Soli ds, Totnl Suspended Solids, Arsenic a11d Cadmium contents. The conccnl ri11ions of the two trace elements, Arsenic and Cadmium in human blood were alstltle!enni ned . The results show t!wl all the parameters except As and Cd fall within recommended values of W oriel Hc:llth Organizat io11 fllrdri nk 111g wat<.:r. Color rnnges betwe<.:n colorless to pale yellow. Ars<.:nic r;~ngt:s from Not Determined (N.D) ttl J.l5tllgll Wi th :1 mean of 1.39mg/l whi le Cadmium ranges from N.D to 3.45mg/l with a rne:111 of0.82mg/l. TDS <111cl TSS n111gc between 0-0.04mg/l and 0.0 1-0.Smg/1 wilh mean of 0.0 15rng/l and 0.06 7mg/l respccti vely. The concentrntion of Arsenic in human blood 1angcs between 0.0 lug/1 nnd 0.05ug/ l wh ile< 'admium 1:, bctw.:ca 0.0 I 1 ug/1 and O.OGug/1. Well wnlcr coni ai ns higher concenl rat ion of both As :1nd Cd !han sur1":1ce w:llcr. Tile CllllCC.nll :11 ro11 or As unci Cd in most or the wntcr samples are above the World l l<.:alth Organiz<llinn reconllllCnJeJ values l"or Ji illking water but !heir concenlratrons in human blood llle still within the average normal r:rnge. fnlroduction Arsenic :md Cadrnium arc both non- essential toxic metnls and they h;~ve been n concern to public health for decades. The health effects associ:1ted with chronic arsenic exposure have been reasonably w<.:ll clwrncterized around the world . As has b(.cn rccognil.ed and u::.ed as a IHillliln poison since ancient limes and il is carcinogenic whi le Cd has been known to cause kidney damage and skeletal deformities amidst olhcr diseases. These lwo meta ls can be present in parenl rocks and w, • ,,;r turally in the environment or may be present :1s corllaminanls from metalliferous and smelting, industry, ;~gru.:ulturnl m;~lerinls, atmospheric deposition, sewage sludge and other activi ties or nmn. Most of !he indigenes of Ago-Jwoye practice farming and derive their main sourc<.:s of income from ;~gricullure. ln order to all<.:viale the problem caused by labour shonag~ and for !he conlrol or insects and diseases with lhe ultimate desire for maximum profit, most farmers usc herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and fumigants, which ;1rc rhc ~.:ommnm!sl sources of both ~.: ad111iulll and n1 Sl~nic. This papcrcliscllses I he possible effect or As nnd Cd on lhe populace since As and Cd can be traced to the p:1ren1 rocks ami agricul t 11 ralmatcrials i npuls i nlhe area cspeci ally since the area i::; devoid of ;my industry !hal can dn:ch:1 rge these rnewls as ciTluenl. ]'hysical Selling The study an.:a (Ago Jwoye) f;dls within :he L;;,scnh.!lll Complex of Southweslen;, N1geria. lt1s loc:~k'd L•clwl:t'll longitudl~ 6".5(>' nnd 7°.UO'r. and l:11itude 1''58' tu ,lnll.l'N. The slucly area is within lhc humid ;md sub hu mid LrOp1c:d climnte or southwcslem Nigeria. The 11101~1 lll011WO<l wind from the Atlantic Ocean, which usi1C1S in the wet seasons, is between ea rly November and Fcbru~11y. The importalll I!':!! lire of the sludy <~rca is a high but unil"onn rainfall of :1hout 750-1 OOOm and average lcmpcra:urc or 2l°C. These climate concliLions arc likely to pmmotc the deep weathering or rocks (A<.lcyemi, 19R5). The rciJ cf of the study areas comprises two basic units; the higl: 1 iclgcs ;~nd low lying tcrl'flin which give rise to undulat ing featu1cs of the en vi ronmenl. Rivers Omi, Et igbn and Osun dr;1i11the study mea (Fig. 1). Vegetation is o f the rain forest type. Geology and Ilydrogcology Ago-l wnye is underlain by crystalline rocks of L\;rsr.lllCilt Complex wllit:ll outcrop in sornc·ar<.:as (Fig. 2) . The llliJ~t Jli"Oillill<.:llt or lht:sc rnclcs is the banded llorllblemk Ll lntite gneiss which h:1s beGn rnigm;llizccl in some parts and inlrudl:':d hy igrH:ous rocks sud1 ir:; granrl<.: nnd pcgm:rtl!l!. The migmiltiz.ed bilnrbl lwmblcndc lJiotrtc gn<.: iss rs a lllellliiC'.l' nr llligrnll tilc gnl·.i:;s ('.lllllple x e:lllicr dc.:scrihed by '(-~ Th Ge Ob. (I) (2) (3) (4) - (5) \G), (3) : , . (9) ... I .("• ).[cr. M~r ... J:ld: I rcso • l Info .. • Dr.J • Dcp Unit .. -.GRi Bon oJ Alhl • Fed.' ·Abu. .. f .. ) !(( ____...~ .-26 l<clundr-l'lulips, 0 .0. C'l a/ ! .. -~. ' .-· ..__ ____ _;~" ............. -. t--· ,1 '• ' .:, ' . ....... . I '··· - . lj n • •••' ~t·. _....,....--.-Fig. I Map of i\go- lwoyclljchu lgbo showing drain;~gc palcrn. t OYO SlAH LAGOS 51 A H. It Study Arta l'.tcflll Anuv\Vm C•ostol pion sands Osho,un tom~ol1on !loro .!ormohon iwtlcoro lor moll~ Abtokulo Ierma It on Bastm tnl COIT1plt~ rig. 2. Gcolog.ic:ll ln:1Jl or Ogun State ~howing the Stlltly area . --------~---- - -1 l l 1 .. ·: ~ . ~ i .. ·! J' ~ i .I ' I \ I f ' • llea lth effects of arscnrc and cad111ium conccntmtions rnthe well and sr11 face waters or 1\go-lwoyc 27 Oyawoy~ ( 1 96~)' <111d d:llecl by R<1hama11 (1976) as bc;ing of Liberian agt The granit e and regmatite arc or pan-fri cnn age as determined by Rahaman ( 1976). The basement complex rocks ar~ imperv ious in their fresh form as they are characterized by low porosi ty and negligible permeability result ing from their crystalline nature. However, appr eciable porosity and pcnneabilrty arc developed through fracturing and weathering o f the mcks. Rocks round in the study area have been deepl y wenthered due to the cl i malic sell in g. Thus avai labi I i ty of groundwater wou ld depend on the presence of join ts and fracture in the underl y ing bedrock. Mt•lhodology A total o f thirty s~mplcs were collected from both sur face and groundwater sources across the eight quarters in Ago-lwoye town that is Imosi, Jsamuro, !mere, Igan, lclode, lbipe, Odcsunusi and Imososi (Fig. 3) . Nineteen snmples were col lectccl from hand dug wells of various depth and wid th while 6 and 5 samples were collec teu rrom stream and rivers respecti vely. The samples were collected using a sterilized locnlly ............. . ~--· I '\ I ', ,, ' J-., -., .. : .... \ ' ... •, f:l111 il.:l11Cd pb:,tic wate r S:llllJlles. 1.5 likr~ 01' 1\';IIC! \Vi.:IG collec ted at each locati on. I liter for heavy meta l ;1n:liy~o~s and 0.5 I i l l~r for Tot ai Dissol vecl Sui ids am! Total Sus p•:11<J.:': Solids. They were prcsc.rvcu i11 stcli li zccl anJ propc1:y l abeJcd plastic bott le wi th pl;1sl ic stoprcrs. :J'he sarnpk.' were cull cc tc.cl in Novell1bCr when the ellect :; (If dilutiiJil we1 c minim;d and w;rc lakcnlo thc.I<~JOr<1i OI y lllll1ledl:llcly · after physi c<ll pa rameters li ke pll, color and temperature had been measured insilu. Six physiochemic;ll raramcters were [l tHll y7.t:d Wllit:h inc lude pH, Temperature, Total dissolved soli ds CITJS), T otal Suspended solids (TSS), Cd :111d As using pi I meter, A tornic A bsorpl ion Spectropl Jolomcter(A AS) and Till a: ron lllethods. ll<t nr<rn blood spcci rm:ns were also <rnalyzcd lor thei r As and Cd contents in the General hospilalloc:llctlrn Ijcbu-Oclc. Hcsulls nud discussion T he rcsu Its or l he phyr.iot:llClllical an;:l yses or buth gr Olllld and surface w:llcr arc presented in Tablt~s l anu 2 while Tables 3 and 4 show the rc.sn lts or/\::. and Ctlrn gruund and surface waters respectively. .. ···: ' . • -l_ -"· . .... ·, ·· ..... ..., _ _."'-'' ~,·,,,, . Fig. 3. Map of 1\go-lwuyclljebu lghu showing sa111plc local ions. ~ -----------------------~ ). :h Jc -· <lfll • )o Ob I) (2) )) '4) (5) 7) (8) I -~ 'j '\1~ vic' I ' ~ad res/ nf1 . I I ' Dr! bel ;Jni I Gn HOI i'\lh Fed Ab\ ' f 28 Kehimlc-l'hilips, 0 .0. cl a/ Table 1. l'hysiochcmic:l l nrw lysis of grou11dwa!cr i11 !he s tudy nrc:1 'SIN TDS (mg/1) TSS (mg/1) Depth (m) Temp. (oc) pll Color I 0.02 0 .04 2.(.] 27.0 8.10 cn1o•lc·~~ 2 0 00 0.5 7 ()8 27.0 (, 20 cnlo11c~' :l 0.01 0.135 (, 34 25 0 o.Jo rnlo1lc'~ 4 0.02 0.15 07!! 27.0 7.HO cnlo 11 rs~ 5 0.00 .0.02 :uz . 25.0 (> 00 colwlc.s' () 0.00 0 .01 6. 15 28.0 (j 80 colcHicss 7 0.01 ().() 15 2.7!J 27.0 7.2~ coiClllrs' ll 0.02 0.025 0.69 27.5 7 10 colo1lcs.~ 9 0 0 1 0.020 4.CJ8 21 .0 7.?.0 col01 kss 10 0,02 0.02.5 6 87 25.0 6 90 culo11ess II () 01 0.0.1 11 . 12 27.0 () 50 cnlmlcss 12 0.02 0.025 6.00 28.0 7. 10 c.o1c)llcss 1:1 0 04 . 0.035 4. 10 t 22.5 7-20 coicHiess 1•1 0.04 0.025 0.04 22.5 8.10 co101less IS 0.04 O.QJ 4.0H 27.0 6. 10 cnlo1 lcss 16 0.00 0.025 2. 14 26.5 6 10 colo, less 17 0.01· 0 .1 4.47 29.0 G.SO colwlcss Ill 0.0 1 O.QJ5 0.86 27.0 7.20 cnln~lcss 19 0.01 O.QJ5 3.40 22.5 7. 10 colo1 lcss Tnhlc 2. Physiochemica l annlysis of surface wn!cr· in !Ire study arcn S/N TDS (mgn) TSS (mg/1)) Temp ("C) pll nl 25~C Colorlrss -I 0.02 0.01 2<1.0 6.!JO l'ale yellow 2 0.0 1 0 01 22 0 G.50 1':-rle yellow :l 0.01 0.005 2.5.0 7.00 1':1le yellow 4 0,02 0.00 74.5 7.20 Pale yrllow 5 O.Q2 0.0 I 25 0 6.80 P;ilc yellow (l 0.01 0.025 25.0 7.20 Pale yell ow 7 0.01 0.01 25.0 7.20 !';ric yellow H 0 0 1 0.005 26.0 G.SO Pale yellow ·- '-- ---9 0.0 1 0.()) 25 0 7 10 Pale yellow _, 10 0.00 0. 15 25.5 (L::!O !'ale yellow · -II 0.01 0.15 25.0 I (,50 I . Pale yrllow -- !~~~- · ----~--------'--~---~-~--=-~ -cr;-~ .... .-,"·'-·~-----... --···----·----------- - --1 \. . ~ . I -~ \ \ I i • I \I \ • I I li L - ~: t! w l I L "" ' l _;.. I'" ~ IT '\ ' ' i \ I Health effects of arsenic anu c:~dmium concentrations in the w'cll <1nu surface waters of Ago·lwciyc 29 Tal>lc 3. Chemic:~! conccntrntio}l of AS nncl. Ctl in ~;rnundwat c:r within the study arcn ' S/N :' i\S (m!il) Cd (m!;/1) I N.D N.D 2 N.D 0 .06 J 1.]2 0.11 4 2.68 0.11 5 1.87 . 0.06 6 0. 11 0.06 7 2.42 N.D !! N.D N.D 9 N.D 0.31 10 N.D 2.42 11 N.D 3.45 12 2.01 0.12 13 2.67 . 2. 11 14 2.99 1.88 15 3. 12 N.D 16 N.D N.D 17 3. 12 ).l(i 18 2.(J6 0.14 . WllO STANDARD 0.05 0.01 pH varies from 6.2 to 8. 1 w hich shows thai the water in the study area is slightl y acidic to slightly alkaline i'n nature but still within WHO standard for drinking water (WHO, 2005). · Water from hand-dug wells is colorless whi le surface wate r is pale yellow a nd yellow in contras t to the WHO stundurd which is color less. This may be due to contamination from the domestic wastes in the stucly area. The result or TDS rnnges from 0 ~40mg/l which indicate fresh w:~tcr (Todd, 1980) while TSS ranges between 0 at\d 600mg/l.. The eoncentr<~tion or /\sin grounclwater rnnges from Not Detected (N.D) to 3.12mg/l w ith an averuge of 1.45mg/l while that of surf ace water ranges bet ween N .D T nhlc <1. Clu:111irn l concentration ol' AS and Cd in sn rfarc wail'r within llH: study area SIN AS (mg./1( ±3 l ~ .. ) I ' 2 N.D R } 2.73 N.D 4 2.77 1.11 5 0.14 --.r 2.S1 () () 31 l J.(i5 I 7 N.D ND I s 2.12 I. I l -9 0.18 1.2 i . -10 ND N.D II 2.76 ())(, W HO STANDARD 0.05 0.01 -j Table 5. Blood serum analysis in !he study :1rca·~ AS (u!;/1) Cu (u;l) I SIN 0.0.11 O.OIR 2 0.01 0.012 0.01 O.Ol.l O.<nl I 0.01( j 3 5 0. O:i I 0.06 6 ' 0.05 0.011 O.O.'i 0.0·12~ ().()]I 0.055 0.0:14 0.06 0.01 t 0.012 7 8 9 10 and 3.1 Smg/1 wi th a mean or 1.29mg/l. Ccl range~ bet ween N.D and J.d~•ng/1 wi th a mean ofl .3 1 mg/1 in groundwaler and from N.D to 2.8mg/l in surl'm:e water with a me:111 nf 0.9lrng/l. The concentrat ion of t\s and Ccl in human blood within the study area is also presented in Table 4. As ranges between O.fJJ ug/1 to 0.05ug/l while Cd ranges between 0 .01 ug/1 lo 0.06ug/l. The COIIcent ral ion or l>olli /\s and Cd in 1\\(\Sl uf tile water samples are j)bove the WI 10 standard or O.O:'iul!_/1 and 0.0 I ug,/1 respecti vc ly. ~ Well waters have uveragcly highcrconcenlrnlion of As ancl Cd when comp;.~re.d with surface water due lu the fa<.: I that they lap their wnter from weathered z.onc where there is Jissolu ti on of weathered r;:llel;l rocks. This indici!ICS-{~ j, Th Gc .... ,, ~IH Soc Ob (I) (2) (3) (il) (5) • (6) "l (7) (8) ' (9) I , . ..-~ r \v.c r ~~ res I ~ Inf~ t Dr. Dei · Uni ~ r \ I 30 Kchindc-Philirs. 0.0. eta/ th ;-~1 the p;~rcnl rocks in the sludy ;~rca may be the source of lhcsc. 111Cials. Anolhcr sou rce is ngricultuml m;~tcrials such as pest icidcs, i llSCC tic iclcs, fc rti) izcr CtC Si llCC most Of the indigenes of the study arc;~ praclicc farming. The human blood !<;:sled shows a ver;~gely norrml range ofCd :md As despite their h igh concentr;~tion in water ;~nd this m:-ry be due to the fac t !hat not all the metals th;~t enter the system rnclabolizc. More important l y however i s tile fact thai As and Cd have extremely l ong term biological time: o f I 5-20yc<rrs in hurn<rn which means rhat l ong term exposu re is rcqui red before these metals c<rrr becorrie toxic in lnrman system s. . Ncvcrlilclcss As anciCd can g i ve rise to acute, subacute <rnd chronic effects when prcsenl in nnomalous qunnlili cs inlurrnan blood. The adverse health effccls of these metals <~ffectlhc rcspir:llory, gm;troinlcstinal carcl i ovnscular and l)crvous systems. Long lcrm ex posure could also affect both lhc kidney and li ver, immune, skeletal and cardiovascular systems. Skin disorders in rile form of 1\<.lcycmi, G.O. ( I ?S5): Grounc.lw<~lc;. Exploral ion in p:uls of Oyo and Ogun stales using remote sensing techn iques, unpublished M .Sc Thesis University of tfc pp. 23-25. Oynwoy~. M .0 ( 196,1): The Geology of the Nigclian !Ja~cmcnt Complex Journal of Nigeria M ining Gcol. Mclallic Soc. Vnl. I pp. 61-M . Rahaman, M ./\ . ( 1976): Heview of Basemen! Geology of Soulh Wcslcm Nigeria in Gcol. of Nigeria. Ed. l<oghc pp. 41 -5. \ Q.,~.,... .... ~ ·· - IT'I'"T .... , ..... .. _~-··:==s:r'laJnaZI''7f?ZCTD!rt . . T . .. . h ypcr kcrlosis, llypcrpigrncnlal ion an.cl dcpiglll<.:rllalronl hcC'n nbscrvccl i n clifl'crcnl p:rrts <if I he wo1ld alkr expo: to drinking water nnd drugs conlaining high level of Conc lusion /\sand C d nrc non essential but lox ic rnclals. Tiley :11 c h priority h:l7.ardous substances and human cmcrrrogen11 has been ~hown frornthc data presented in this study 1 • wnlcrsnmplcs i 11 /\go-1 woyc area ha vc liighcrcnrl<.:cnll :rt or As and Cd th:111 WJIO recommended sland:uds. ·1 h· rnetals coul d be dcrj ved. antllropogenicall y from f'crt i I i1.c pes ticides ~·nd hcrbieidcl which have high conccnlral1 of lhcsc melals and arc cxtcnsi vcly usecl by farmers inr area. Sirn il ;~rly As and Cd ;~re deri ved fromlhe chcmi, wcalhcring o f tile parcnl rocks. As n resu II or I her cia! i vc l ong life ofthcscelcmenls, the health implicalions of tlw n1clals in the study nren arc not yet observed. Todd, 1).1< . ( 1982): G1onndwatcr llydrology. John Wiley and So Inc. New York, 2nd cdi l ion pp 5.\5. World Health Organi7.alion (WI!O) ( 19%): Guiclclincs lor clr nrki1 walcr qnaliry. 2nd cd. Vol. 2. llcallh C• ilc:• ia and orlu SllppOlling infOflll::llion. Pp. 940-949 and /\ddcndlllll I v1i'1 .2 ( t99ll) pp. 2lli-2X3. Geneva. t:fc 

Health effects of arsenic and cadmium concentrations in the well and surface waters

of Ago-Iwoyc, southwcstcn1 Nigeria

http://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/9423/1/A.M%20ODUKOYA%2014.pdf

Health effects of arsenic and cadmium concentrations in the well and surface waters of Ago-Iwoyc, southwcstcn1 Nigeria

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