research article

Funerary Eagles. An Unpublished Stele from Zeugma with a Greek Inscription

Abstract

This article aims to present a stele with an inscription purchased in France by its current owner, an antique dealer from Alicante, Spain. The combination of the stele's structural characteristics with its iconography and text allows it to be attributed without a doubt to the ancient Syrian city of Zeugma, now Belkıs in Turkey. The piece is published here with epigraphic and iconographic analysis. Special mention is made of the anthroponym and the funerary formula, which allows for two possible interpretations, and particular attention is paid to the iconography of the funerary eagle, a recurring motif on male funerary steles from this city in Roman times. The existing theories on the possible interpretation of the motif – cultic, related to the past life of the deceased or related to the afterlife – are discussed, considering the epigraphic formula and iconographic parallels from Asia Minor. Taking into account the historical and geographical context of Zeugma, it is concluded that the motif possibly represents the deceased in the afterlife, although the inhabitants of Zeugma would also see in it a symbol of the principal male god, as protector, and a symbol of identity for the city that was home to two Roman legions

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