To understand the planet?s current crisis, we need in-depth understanding of how social?ecological change accelerated in the past and how it failed or stabilized. Our study contributes to this field by offering detailed evidence of the ecological, economic, social, and political change in a key region of medieval Central Europe, which underwent unprecedented intensification in all of these domains in the 10th c. CE. We show how social and ecological processes accompanied the consolidation of a new political formation, in turn triggered by earlier economic developments. Further, we analyze the new state?s collapse. The success (stabilization) of the acceleration necessitated simultaneous creation or integration of several networks (political, cultural, economic, etc.), which the polity?s elite failed to achieve. Rapid social?ecological intensification is a recurrent feature of human history. It occurred in different forms and contexts; its outcomes may have been sustainable or transient. Until recently, such intensifications usually accompanied state formation: Consolidation of political power was often coupled with exponential increase in human exploitation of the environment of a given area. Here, we study one such case, uniquely well-documented through our rich paleoecological, archaeological, numismatic, and literary data. Triggered by the Eurasian slave trade, the first ?Polish? polity was founded in Central Europe c. 900 common era. It undertook unprecedented ecological intensification in its core territory, connected with large construction projects, and engaged in rapid territorial expansion. We provide new crucial evidence on this process by publishing here a high-resolution pollen profile from a location close to the polity?s capital and by an application of social network analysis to numismatic data. This state collapsed within a few generations after its foundation. The collapse of the political elites, however, did not produce a complete social and ecological disintegration of the polity?s former core region. We thus show how collapse and continuity can remain closely intertwined. Last but not least, the rich evidence on the mechanism of the collapse reveals that successful maintenance of social?ecological intensification requires reliance on a number of cultural, economic, religious, and social networks underlying the political expansion. The polity?s elite lacked access to or failed to mobilize such networks, which led to its demise.Rapid Intensification of Land Use Followed by a Sudden Rewilding. Settlement Dynamics in the Core Lands. Territorial Dynamics and Military Construction Projects. Monetary Flows and Exchange Networks. Political Institutions and Ideology. Discussion: How the Piast Political-Ecological Intensification Failed Conclusions: Broader Insights from the Piast Case Study Materials and Methods The Age-Depth Model of Lake Lednica. Pollen and Charcoal Analysis of Lake Lednica. Settlement Dynamics Analysis in the Area of Lednica Lake and Kazanie Peatland. SNA of Coinage Data
