The present study was undertaken to analyze the biochemical composition in relation to season, sex, and size groups in edible tissues of E. malabaricus in Nagapattinam coast, Tamil Nadu, India. Seasonal variations in moisture content ranged between 72.35 and 79.13%, crude protein (68.22 and 73.25%), carbohydrate (2.12 and 5.23%), crude lipid (4.33 and 7.66%) and ash content (5.25 and 8.64%) in all the size groups of both sexes. Among the size groups in both sexes, maximum carbohydrate level was recorded during postmonsoon (50-60 cm: female-5.38%) and minimum during summer (30-40 cm: male-2.85%). Low protein content was noticed in larger size groups and high values in smaller size groups. Most of the size groups in females showed higher protein content than males during all the seasons. The crude protein contents in muscle tissues of the presently studied finfishes showed a relationship with spawning season. High protein levels were observed in muscle during post and pre spawning months and low values during spawning season.
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Arunagiri, Thilakavathi

Pandian, Arjun

Ramesh, Samiraj

English

International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences

  © 2019, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved                                                                                                                                      125   International Journal of Scientific Research in ______________________________   Research Paper .  Biological Sciences  Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.125-127, February (2019)                                                                         E-ISSN: 2347-7520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6i1.125127  Biochemical Composition in Edible Tissues of Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from Nagapattinam Coast, Tamil Nadu, India   Thilakavathi Arunagiri1, Arjun Pandian2, Samiraj Ramesh3*  1Department of Zoology, PRIST University, Thanjavur - 614 904, Tamil Nadu, India 2Department of Biotechnology, PRIST University, Thanjavur - 614 904, Tamil Nadu, India 3*Department of Microbiology, PRIST University, Thanjavur - 614 904, Tamil Nadu, India  *Corresponding Author:   marineramesh2020@gmail.com  Available online at: www.isroset.org Received: 21/Jan/2019, Accepted: 11/Feb/2019, Online: 28/Feb/2019 Abstract— The present study was undertaken to analyze the biochemical composition in relation to season, sex, and size groups in edible tissues of E. malabaricus in Nagapattinam coast, Tamil Nadu, India. Seasonal variations in moisture content ranged between 72.35 and 79.13%, crude protein (68.22 and 73.25%), carbohydrate (2.12 and 5.23%), crude lipid (4.33 and 7.66%) and ash content (5.25 and 8.64%) in all the size groups of both sexes.  Among the size groups in both sexes, maximum carbohydrate level was recorded during postmonsoon (50-60 cm: female-5.38%) and minimum during summer (30-40 cm: male-2.85%).  Low protein content was noticed in larger size groups and high values in smaller size groups.  Most of the size groups in females showed higher protein content than males during all the seasons.  The crude protein contents in muscle tissues of the presently studied finfishes showed a relationship with spawning season.  High protein levels were observed in muscle during post and pre spawning months and low values during spawning season.  Keywords— Biochemical composition, E. malabaricus, protein, carbohydrate, lipid I.  INTRODUCTION  Importance of knowing the biochemical composition of edible organisms was emphasized by Stansby [1].  The nutritive values of organisms will remain supportive in the selection and utilization of a particularly advantageous species and also to know which size group and sex will be more adequate and advantageous for consumption from a nutritive point of view.  The obvious application of knowledge on the proximate composition of fish has always been needed by dieticians in institutions concerned with mass feeding and by individuals interested in caloric content of foods for weight control [2, 3]. The information on proximate composition of fish has fundamental importance in the application of different technological processes [3, 4].  Whether a fish is considered to be lean or fatty, the actual lipid content has retribution for the technological characteristics post-mortem [8].  Proximate composition is also important as an aspect of quality of unprocessed material, sensory quality and storage constancy [5] and gives an idea of sexual stage [4, 6]. Many of the previous works about the nutritive value of fishes dealt with changes in relation to the age and size of the fishes [7-9].  Studies on biochemical composition of fishes are incomplete without information on seasonal variation.  Hence, the present study has been undertaken to analyse the biochemical composition in relation to season, sex, and size groups of edible tissues in E. malabaricus.  II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection and preparation of samples: The marine fishes were collected regularly during four seasons (premonsoon, monsoon, postmonsoon and summer) from Nagapattinam coast for a period of one year from July 2016 to June 2017.  The collected samples were immediately brought to laboratory in an iced condition.  The freshness of fishes was examined by observing the brightness of the eyes, colour of the gills and the texture of the muscles.  Then the sexes of fishes were identified and grouped into five size groups based on their total length (10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, 30-40 cm, 40-50 cm & 50-60 cm).  For the purpose of identification, the publications of Munro [10] and Fischer and Bianchi [11] have been referred. Biochemical composition:  To calculate the moisture content, 1 g of fresh edible tissue was taken and oven dried at a constant temperature of 105°C for 24 hours [12].  Crude protein was estimated by Kjeldahl method [13].  The total carbohydrate in the dried sample was estimated   Int. J. Sci. Res. in Biological Sciences                                                                         Vol. 6(1), Feb.  2019,   ISSN: 2347-7520   © 2019, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved                                                                                                                                      126 spectrophotometrically following the phenol sulphuric acid method [14].  The lipid content in the tissue was estimated by the chloroform: methanol extraction method [15].  Ash content was determined gravimetrically by incinerating 1g dried sample in Muffle furnace at about 550°C for 6 hours [12] and the results are expressed in percentage dry weight basis.  The results of two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) P < 0.05) done to test the differences in biochemical composition among the seasons and size groups of males and females. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chemical composition of fish varies greatly from one species and one individual to another, depending on age, sex, sea environment and season [3, 7, 8].  In the present study, the variations in biochemical composition in relation to seasons, sexes and size groups are shown in Figs. 1-5.  Moisture content ranged between 72.35 and 79.13%.  Both the size groups of indeterminates (10-20 and 20-30 cm) exhibited low values during premonsoon (74.15 and 76.32%, respectively) and monsoon (74.66 and 76.15%, respectively) and high values during summer (77.82 and 79.23%, respectively).  Among the size groups in both sexes, high value was recorded during summer (30-40 cm: male-77.81%) and low value in monsoon (50-60 cm: male-73.13%).  Low values were observed in larger size groups and high values in smaller size groups.  The moisture content of muscle in all the size groups of males and females was high during spawning months and very low during post spawning months in all the four species studied presently.  Similarly, highest percentage of water was observed in muscle during the spawning season of Clarius batrachus [16] and Mugil cephalus [17]. 69707172737475767778798010-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm)Premonsoon Monsoon Post monsoon SummerMoisture (%) Fig. 1.  Variations in moisture content of E. malabaricus Crude protein values fluctuated between 68.22 and 73.25%.  Both the size groups of indeterminates (10-20 and 20-30 cm) showed low values during summer (71.05 and 71.13%, respectively) and high values during postmonsoon (74.12 and 74.11%, respectively).  Among the size groups of both sexes, there was a high value recorded during postmonsoon (30-40 cm: female-72.85%) and low value during summer (50-60 cm: male-68.31%).  Low values were noticed in larger size groups and high values in smaller size groups.  Most of the size groups in females showed higher values than males during all the seasons. The crude protein contents in muscle tissues of the presently studied finfishes showed a relationship with spawning season.  High protein levels were observed in muscle during post and pre spawning months and low values during spawning season.  This corresponds well with the findings of Bano [16], who also observed a fall in the protein content during spawning in Clarius batrachus.  Further suggests the accumulation of muscle protein, due to high protein in muscle content during post and pre spawning periods, leads to meet the nitrogen demands of the fish [6, 18]. 656667686970717273747510-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm)Premonsoon Monsoon Post monsoon SummerCrude protein (%)Fig. 2.  Variations in crude protein content of E. malabaricus Carbohydrate values varied between 2.12 and 5.23%.  Both the size groups of indeterminates (10-20 and 20-30 cm) showed high values during postmonsoon (2.35 and 2.55%, respectively) and monsoon (2.22 and 2.35%, respectively) and low during premonsoon (1.66 and 1.95%, respectively) and summer (1.65 and 1.97%, respectively).  Among the size groups in both sexes, maximum carbohydrate level was recorded during postmonsoon (50-60 cm: female-5.38%) and minimum during summer (30-40 cm: male-2.85%).  Low values were observed in lower size groups and high values in higher size groups.  In the species presently studied, smaller size groups showed less carbohydrate compared to larger forms which may perhaps be due to rapid utilization of carbohydrate during growth and accumulation associated with decreasing growth rate.  Love [19] concluded from the amount of lactic acid accumulation after death, that larger fishes carry greater reserves of carbohydrate in Gadus morhua. 012345610-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm)Premonsoon Monsoon Post monsoon SummerCarbohydrate (%)Fig. 3.  Variations in carbohydrate content of E. malabaricus Crude lipid values showed variations from 4.33 to 7.66%.  The size groups of indeterminates exhibited the following trend: high values recorded in postmonsoon (20-30 cm-5.35%) and low values noticed during summer (20-30 cm-4.06%).  Among the size groups in both sexes, high value was observed during postmonsoon (40-50 cm: female-7.71%) and low value during summer (30-40 cm: male-3.92%).  Lower size groups exhibited low values and higher size groups showed higher values.   Int. J. Sci. Res. in Biological Sciences                                                                         Vol. 6(1), Feb.  2019,   ISSN: 2347-7520   © 2019, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved                                                                                                                                      127 01234567810-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm)Premonsoon Monsoon Post monsoon SummerCrude lipid (%)Fig. 4.  Variations in crude lipid content of E. malabaricus Ash content ranged from 5.25 to 8.64%.  Both the indeterminates size groups (10-20 and 20-30 cm) showed higher (8.19 and 8.24%, respectively) and lower values (8.14 and 8.19%, respectively) of ash in summer and premonsoon season respectively.  There was a maximum ash content was observed in E. tauvina (8.14%) in summer.  Similar kind of reports was observed by many researchers in fishes [16, 20, 21].  The maximum ash content observed in present study might be due to the accumulation of inorganic salts in the muscles and seasonal variations in the food availability for fish [22-24].  012345678910-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 30-40 40-50 50-60 Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm) Indet ..(cm) Male (cm) Female (cm)Premonsoon Monsoon Post monsoon SummerAsh (%)Fig. 5.  Variations in ash content of E. malabaricus IV. CONCLUSION  The information on proximate composition of fish has fundamental importance in the application of different technological processes. The present study showed that consumption of E. malabaricus during premonsoon and postmonsoon is advantageous in Nagapattinam coast, as good amount of biochemical constituents (crude protein, carbohydrate and crude lipid) were found during these months.  REFERENCES [1] M.E. Stansby, Composition of certain species of freshwater fish. I. Introduction.  The determination of the variations of composition of fish, Food Research, Vol.19, pp. 231-234, 1954. [2] M.E. Stansby, Proximate composition of fish.  In: Heen, E. and R. Kreuzer (Eds.), Fish in Nutrition. Fishing News (Books) Ltd., London, pp. 55-60, 1962. [3] M. L. Hamilton, R.P. Haslam, J.A. Napier, O. Sayanova. Metabolic engineering of Phaeodactylum tricornutum for the enhanced accumulation of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, Metab Eng, Vol. 22, pp.3–9, 2014. [4] H. H. 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Biochemical Composition in Edible Tissues of Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from Nagapattinam Coast, Tamil Nadu, India

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Biochemical Composition in Edible Tissues of Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from Nagapattinam Coast, Tamil Nadu, India

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences