Due to global aging and the increasing prevalence of sedentary lifestyles, the incidence of metabolic-related chronic diseases—such as obesity, cardiometabolic disorders, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia—is rapidly rising. ,The etiology of these complex conditions remains incompletely understood. Recent studies suggest that genetic factors account for only a small portion of the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases, highlighting the important role of environmental influences. Among these, the gut microbiome—a dynamic and modifiable reflection of environmental exposures—has emerged as a crucial player. Its role in the onset and progression of diseases is increasingly recognized, but the identification of specific gut microbiome biomarkers relevant to disease etiology remains an important area for future research.<br/
