Pig production in Croatia is organized on the big farms and small family farms. During the last 10 years there has been a drastic decrease in number of pigs. One of the reasons for this decrease is high production cost. For that reason it is necessary to reorganise pig production and introduce low cost production systems. Basis for this kind of production lies in the tradition and organic production, where most suitable pig breeds are indigenous, such as Black Slavonian and Turopolje pig. Due to its excellent quality the meat from these pig breeds can be used for production of traditional products. Furthermore, they both represent an old genes pool which is necessary to preserve for next generations of breeders and producers. Genetic improvement programmes can serve as tool for improving pig production in specific region. Chosen genotypes should be able to survive environmental stress without decreasing in productivity. Integration of genetic improvement programs should be in accordance with genetic resource and variation in production environments

DJURKIN KUŠEC, Ivona

GALOVIĆ, Dalida

GVOZDANOVIĆ, Kristina

KUŠEC, Goran

MARGETA, Polona

MARGETA, Vladimir

RADIŠIĆ, Žarko

English

ULPress Journals

122 Acta argiculturae Slovenica, Supplement 5, 122–126, Ljubljana 201624th Int. Symp. “Animal Science Days”, Ptuj, Slovenia, Sept. 21st−23rd, 2016.COBISS: 1.08Agris category code: L01, L10 LOW INPUT PRODUCTION SYSTEM SUITABLE FOR BLACK  SLAVONIAN PIG BREEDINGSESSION IV: ANIMAL PRODUCT QUALITY AND OTHER TOPICSVladimir MARGETA 1, 2, Kristina GVOZDANOVIĆ 3, Polona MARGETA 4, Ivona DJURKIN KUŠEC 5, Žarko RADIŠIĆ 6, Dalida GALOVIĆ 7, Goran KUŠEC 8Low input production system suitable for Black Slavonian pig breeding 1 University of Josip Juraj Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Department ofSpecial Zootechnics, Kralja Petra Svačića 1d, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia2 Corresponding author, e-mail: vmargeta@pfos.hr3 Same address as 1, e-mail: kgvozdanovic@pfos.hr4 Same address as 1, e-mail: polona.frajman@gmail.com5 Same address as 1, e-mail: idurkin@pfos.hr6 Same address as 1, e-mail: zradisic@pfos.hr7 Same address as 1, e-mail: dalidag@pfos.hr8 Same address as 1, e-mail: gkusec@pfos.hrABSTRACTPig production in Croatia is organized on the big farms and small family farms. During the last 10 years there has been a drastic decrease in number of pigs. One of the reasons for this decrease is high production cost. For that reason it is necessary to reorganise pig production and introduce low cost production systems. Basis for this kind of production lies in the tradition and organic production, where most suitable pig breeds are indigenous, such as Black Slavonian and Turopolje pig. Due to its excellent quality the meat from these pig breeds can be used for production of traditional prod-ucts. Furthermore, they both represent an old genes pool which is necessary to preserve for next generations of breeders and producers. Genetic improvement programmes can serve as tool for improving pig production in specific region. Chosen genotypes should be able to survive environmental stress without decreasing in productivity. Integration of ge-netic improvement programs should be in accordance with genetic resource and variation in production environments.Key words: Black Slavonian pig, production systems, genetic improvement programmes, low cost production, traditional products1 INTRODUCTIONThe basic principle of low input production sys-tem is organic production and tradition (Rydhmer and Gourdine, 2013). This kind of production should have simple designed facilities with minimum environmental controls and labour-saving devices. During the last dec-ade there has been an increase in the field of organic and low input farming. From 2002 to 2007 number of organi-cally raised pigs increased from 0.39 million to 0.89 in the Europe Union. Despite this increase, only 0.5 % of these pigs is raised organically (EU, 2010). Organic pig production is based on the EU regulation on organic livestock farming (Escribano 2016). Due to the diverse climatic conditions, variation in organic housing, man-agement conditions, organic farming regulations and histories of organic pork production there are differences in low cost system production between European coun-tries (Fruh, 2011). Low investment/intensity systems have a lot of advantages and some of them are: remodel-ling and maintenance can be done without special skills; existing facilities can be used; the facilities can be fully used with less pressure. However, there are also some dis-advantages. These include environmental concerns such as problems with flies, odour, and runoff; relatively high labour requirement and may require supplemental heat and bedding during the winter for optimum pig perfor-mance (Abel et al., 2004; Wooliams, 2006). Taking into consideration all mentioned advantages and disadvan-tages of low investment / intensity systems we can con-Acta agriculturae Slovenica, Supplement 5 – 2016 123LOW INPUT PRODUCTION SYSTEM SUITABLE FOR BLACK SLAVONIAN PIG BREEDINGclude that this kind of production is suitable for keeping of autochthonous pig breeds. There is two autochthonous pig breeds in Croatia and they are Black Slavonian pig and Turopolje pig.Black Slavonian pig is an indigenous pig breed suit-able for keeping in extensive conditions. It is black in colour and very resistant to climate conditions. Due to good meat quality traits it is suitable for production of high quality traditional products. Cost effectiveness and profitability of breeding the Black Slavonian pigs come from a series of advantages: in comparison with conven-tional breeds, Black Slavonian pigs have more resilience and longevity. Furthermore, they do not need modern accommodation facilities with high maintenance cost but modest needs for food. Other characteristic of Black Slavonian pig are excellent quality of muscle and fat tis-sue (Karolyi et al., 2010). Considering the fact that Black Slavonian pig is autochthonous pig breed it represents pool of old genes. Regarding that it can be used in some genetic improvement of other pig breeds. Connection between genetic improvement and its actual application in the production is reflected with response to changes in production system, marketing opportunities, and knowledge about pig breed, production objectives as well as producer preferences. Some constrains of imple-mentation genetic improvement programs are: difficulty to identify contemporary groups, low numbers of sows per producers, free-roaming boar sand early slaughter of male pigs. For successful genetic improvement within agricultural system there must be some marketing of the final products. Moreover it is necessary to recognize the risks associated with change in genotype and its interac-tions with environmental factors.2 CHOICE OF BREEDLow cost production system requires breeds that can use local feed (by products) with sufficient rate of ability to adaptation, sows with small rate of piglets mor-tality and good milk quality, and pigs with good health status. Indigenous pig breeds are particularly suitable for low input production system. However, conventional pig breeds could also be raised in low input production sys-tem, but it has to be done under extensive keeping con-ditions. Pejaković (2002) recommended crossbreds with Duroc or Hampshire as suitable genotypes for low cost production systems. In Table 1. comparison of produc-tion traits between Black Slavonian pig and conventional pig breed can be observed.Black Slavonian pig was established in the second half of 19th century near Osijek in Slavonija, as across bred between Poland China, Mangalisa, Berkshire and Cornwall. It has good meat quality suitable for produc-tion of traditional products (Karolyi et al., 2010; Mar-geta, 2013). Excellent characteristics of this pig breed was confirmed by gold medal at Wienna World Exposi-tion in 1873. Breed is suitable for extensive keeping and half extensive housing with pens and free space (Karolyi et al., 2007). Advantages of keeping the pigs in this way are ecological acceptability, lower financial investment and farming in accordance with pig’s welfare. Produc-tion traits and fertility of Black Slavonian pigs are mod-est, but some improvement in fertility can be achieved by crossing it with conventional pig breeds, such as Duroc. Under the extensive keeping condition fattening is rather low; average daily gain is approximately 478 g (Uremović et al., 2000). The carcasses of Black Slavonian pig are characterized by high percentage of fat tissue. In com-parison with conventional pigs, Black Slavonian pig has lower utilization of main cuts (ham, loin, shoulder, neck) (Karolyi et al., 2007).3 GENETIC IMPROVEMENTThe main objective of livestock improvement is to support the stability of production and increase food se-curity as well as animal welfare. Components of genetic improvement program include economic viability, envi-ronmental compatibility, production efficiency and so-cial responsibility (Moser, 2001). If genetic improvement is based on selection process within local population, it is rec-ommended that this population should be indigenous. Than this is also a method for conservation of old-new genetic resources (Bichard, 2000). Furthermore, indigenous pig breeds are re-sources of transgressive and cryptic alleles and also source of adaptability to some specific environmental challenges. There Traits Black Slavonian pig Conventional pig breedLive born per litter 6.3–7.4 7.2–13.7Weaned per litter 5.7–6.6 4.0–10.8Mortality until weaning, % 4.5–20.0 8.7–20.9Average daily gain, g 450–550 658–927Lean meat, % 28.51–38.50 48.2–58.4Feed conversion 3.0–5.8 2.5–3.5Table 1: Comparison of production traits between Black Slavonian pig and conventional pig breeds (Uremović et al., 2000.)Acta agriculturae Slovenica, Supplement 5 – 2016124V. MARGETA et al.are several advanced technologies relevant for genetic improvement. For example, reproductive technologies which contribute to genetic improvement are artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (Olivier et al., 2002). Mixed model methods for animal evaluation to include multi-breed or multi-population situations can serve as good basis for implementation of genetic programme. Another very important tool is application of molecular genetics in animal breeding. Application of genetic methods opens up new possibilities of breeding under extensive keeping conditions. Finally, one of very important technologies is information technology which improves information flow from breeding associations to the market.There are several activities that can lead to integra-tion of genetic improvement into low cost production system. They involve management of environment and animal health, preparation of the product for market and collaboration of producers (Kosgey and Okeyo, 2007).4 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIONLivestock production has a great impact on water, air and soil quality. Intensive pig production system can have a negative influence on environment (Krystallis et al., 2009).This is primarily related to problem of pig manure because there is still no environmentally accept-able solution for its management. Orientation on the production systems based on the deep litter and keeping the pigs on pastures helps to preserve the soil structure which leads to higher fertility and preservation of the soil as the basic resource for agricultural production.5 PRODUCTION EFFICIENCYThe crucial factor in deciding on the organization and implementation of pig production system is its cost effectiveness and profitability. Production results are ba-sis of profitability under the intensive keeping conditions. This leads to the excessive loading of the pigs and also ex-ploits pig’s production and biological capacity. The conse-quences of this kind of production conditions are reduced resistance of the pigs, greater susceptibility to disease and shortening of the production cycle, which than leads to high replacement rate (approximately 45 %). Concept of sustainable and low cost pig production includes re-alization of economic goals by the investment decrease (primarily in facilities and equipment) and decrease in organization of production processes. Under this kind of production pigs have longer production cycles (Siegford et al., 2008). Emphasis of the low production system is on cost of the facilities, feeding system, replacement rates, health care and bio security measures. All these factors present financial burden to the final product, therefore the main goal of low production system is to reduce their cost. For example, raising the pigs on deep litter presents a system suitable for reducing the production costs. This kind of keeping the pigs is 50 % cheaper than raising them modern farms (Stern et al., 2005). Pigs have more space, injuries are reduced, there is no dysentery of tails and health status is better.Comparison of producing the Black Slavonian pigs and hybrid pigs is shown in Table 2. It is evident that Black Slavonian pig can be very profitable for keeping even though pig hybrids have significantly higher poten-tial in terms of fertility and productivity. However, this potential can be expressed only under the production conditions which are usually not in accordance with the criteria of animal welfare, health, good animal husband-ry practices and with favourable impact on the environ-ment (Kralik et al., 2013).Figure 1: Piglets on deep litterFigure 2: Pigs under extensive keeping conditionsActa agriculturae Slovenica, Supplement 5 – 2016 125LOW INPUT PRODUCTION SYSTEM SUITABLE FOR BLACK SLAVONIAN PIG BREEDING6 CONCLUSIONFuture of the pig production should be based on the concept of sustainability and low cost of the production. It has to satisfy the criteria of cost effectiveness, sustainability of ecosystems and social welfare. This all can be achieved by the concept of low cost pig farming, which promotes the principles of good livestock practices and the devel-opment of livestock production.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTThis work has been fully supported by Croatian Sci-ence Foundationunder the project number 3396.8 REFERENCESAbell, C.E., Dekkers, J.C., Rothschild, M.F., Mabry, J.W., Stal-der, K.J. (2014) Total cost estimation for implementing ge-nome-enabled selection in a multi-level swine production system. Genetics Selection Evolution, 46(1), 32.http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1297-9686-46-32. Bichard, M. (2000) Summary of workshop outcome. In: S. Galal, J. Boyazoglu, K. Hammond (Eds.)Developing Breed-ing Strategies for Lower Input Animal Production Environ-ments, Bella, Italy, 22–25 September 1999,ICAR Technical Series 3 (pp. 5–12). Rome: ICAR.Früh, B., Bochicchio, D., Dippel, S., Edwards, S., Gunnarsson, S., Leeb, C., Lindgren, K., Mejer, H. 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Low input production system suitable for Black Slavonian pig breeding

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Low input production system suitable for Black Slavonian pig breeding

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