The authors made a comparative research of the influence of natural food and mixture prepared according to prescription on the metabolism of pheasants, which is evident as biological value of meat. The results indicated that pheasants fed on natural food had much higher biological value of meat compared to those which consumed commercially prepared mixture. The recommendation of the study is that people as the ultimate consumers take an opportunity to choose meat of the pheasants, or other winged game originated from natural way of life.Avtorji so primerjali vpliv krme na metabolizem pri fazanih, izražen kot biološka vrednost mesa. Primerjali so živali, ki se prehranjujejo prosto živeče v naravi, s tistimi, ki so jih krmili s krmno mešanico. Rezultati kažejo na boljšo biološko vrednost mesa pri fazanih, ki so se prehranjevali s krmo iz naravnega okolja v primerjavi s fazani krmljenimi s komercialno krmno mešanico. Avtorji potrošnikom priporočajo izbiro mesa fazanov in druge divje perutnine iz naravnega okolja

BOŠKOVIĆ, Ivica

KRZNARIĆ, Marko

POSAVČEVIĆ, Štefica

TUCAK, Zvonimir

ŠKRIVANKO, Mario

English

ULPress Journals

Acta agriculturae slovenica, suplement 1(avgust 2004), 87–91. 12th Int. Symp. “Animal Science Days”, Bled, Slovenia, Sept. 2–4, 2004. Original scientific article Izvirni znanstveni prispevek INDICATORS OF BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF THE PHEASANT MEAT ORIGINATED FROM NATURAL AND CONTROLLED BREEDING Zvonimir TUCAK a), Mario ŠKRIVANKO b), Marko KRZNARIĆ c), Štefica POSAVČEVIĆ d) and Ivica BOŠKOVIĆ e) a) Josip Juraj Strossmayer Univ. of Osijek, Fac. of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia, Prof. b) Croatian Veterinary Institute Zagreb, Veterinary Dept. in Vinkovci, J. Kozarca 24, HR-32000 Vinkovci, Croatia, M.Sc. c) Same address as b), Ph.D. d) Same address as b) e) Same address as a) ABSTRACT The authors made a comparative research of the influence of natural food and mixture prepared according to prescription on the metabolism of pheasants, which is evident as biological value of meat. The results indicated that pheasants fed on natural food had much higher biological value of meat compared to those which consumed commercially prepared mixture. The recommendation of the study is that people as the ultimate consumers take an opportunity to choose meat of the pheasants, or other winged game originated from natural way of life. Key words: pheasants / breeding / animal nutrition / meat / biological value  KAZALCI BIOLOŠKE VREDNOSTI MESA FAZANOV IZ NARAVNIH IN KONTROLIRANIH REJ IZVLEČEK Avtorji so primerjali vpliv krme na metabolizem pri fazanih, izražen kot biološka vrednost mesa. Primerjali so živali, ki se prehranjujejo prosto živeče v naravi, s tistimi, ki so jih krmili s krmno mešanico. Rezultati kažejo na boljšo biološko vrednost mesa pri fazanih, ki so se prehranjevali s krmo iz naravnega okolja v primerjavi s fazani krmljenimi s komercialno krmno mešanico. Avtorji potrošnikom priporočajo izbiro mesa fazanov in druge divje perutnine iz naravnega okolja. Ključne besede: fazani / reja / prehrana živali / meso / biološka vrednost INTRODUCTION The point of our researches was to establish biological value of pheasant meet (Phazianus colchicus) bred in nature and in pheasants farm. Pheasants which are used in our research were shut down during the November and December 2002. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pheasant (Kiessling, 1977; Treer end Tucak, 1991; Tucak end et al., 2002) in our researches are from Osijek - Baranya county in The Republic of Croatia, in which are placed numbers of hunting-grounds and pheasants farm «Darda». Analized meet samples were from two experiment groups:  http://www.bfro.uni-lj.si/zoo/publikacije/zbornik/suplementi/index.htmActa agriculturae slovenica, suplement 1(avgust 2004).  88 – pheasant bred in nature: 20 pieces (10 males and 10 females) – pheasant bred in pheasants farm «Darda»: 20 pieces (10 males and 10 females). After pheasant had been killed, we determined the total weight of each pheasant. – total weight of each pheasant with feathers – total weight of each pheasant with out feathers. Preparing the body for analyzing: – 1) remove the head and tights with drumsticks – 2) body choped in parts: brests, tights with drumsticks, backs, wings, heart and liver. Samples had been taken separately, from brest muscle (white meat) and muscle from tights with drumsticks (dark meat). Muscles were separated from bones, and from muscles skin with subcutaneous fat were removed. Prepared samples of «white and dark» meat were cut up in small pieces and homogenized for purpose of analysis. Every sample had been chemicaly analyzed (Christie end Moore, 1972; Grahn et al., 1993; Grahn et al., 1993) to establish ratio (%) of moisture, proteins (Kjeldahl), fat (Soxhlet), calcium, phosphorus, ash and energetic value. Results were processed by STATISTICA program version 6.0. For establishing the difference between experimental groups were used ANOVA. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In Table 1. had been shown weight (g) and base parts of pheasant body in absolute (g) and relative (%) values. The higest weight achieved males of wild pheasant (1232.4 ±147.36 g). The differences between pheasant testing groups were statistically very significant (P<0.001). The higest breast and tights with drumsticks weights had been also notefied by wilde pheasant males (351.0 ± 61.31 g i. e. 265 ± 47.02 g).  Table 1. Weight (g) and fundamental parts of pheasant body (g, %)  Cultivation pheasant Wilde pheasant  m* (n=10) f **(n=10) m*(n=10) f** (n=10) P Weight, g 1144.20±197.58 969.80±157.42 1232.4±147.36 918.80±89.88 <0.001 Weight without feathers, g 1089.40±182.88 925.60±139.24 1172.4±149.98 878.80±84.07 <0.001 Weight without feathers, % 95.30±1.09 95.61±2.37 95.08±2.93 95.68±1.69 0.174 Tights with drumsticks, g 219.40±44.10 189.00±37.51 265.00±47.02 188.60±14.39 <0.001 Tights with drumsticks, % 20.08±1.37 20.30±1.35 22.52±1.95 21.51±1.00 0.002 Brests, g 295.20±74.29 248.10±39.47 351.00±61.31 276.40±31.73 0.001 Brests, % 26.74±3.23 26.88±2.84 29.89±3.14 31.41±1.38 <0.001 Backs, g 218.60±55.95 180.20±32.92 183.80±45.09 147.40±27.42 0.006 Backs, % 19.96±2.79 19.43±1.72 15.55±2.47 16.70±2.28 <0.001 Wings, g 88.60±14.85 71.80±6.49 102.40±15.57 76.80±6.94 <0.001 Wings, % 8.15±0.56 7.83±0.57 8.78±1.14 8.77±0.76 0.023 Liver and heart, g 34.60±9.09 31.30±3.77 32.40±4.09 23.60±5.80 0.002 Liver and heart, % 3.14±0.57 3.44±0.60 2.77±0.24 2.72±0.73 0.023 Head and legs, g 80.40±11.11 57.20±5.98 57.20±9.29 53.60±6.17 <0.001 Head and legs, % 7.46±0.88 6.25±0.73 6.51±0.60 6.10±0.30 <0.001 m*=male, f**=female  Tucak, Z. et al. Indicators of biological value of the pheasant meat … from natural and controlled breeding. 89The diferences betwen groups relating to leg weights were statisticaly very significant (P<0.001). Brest part in body were the higes by wild female pheasant (31.41±1.68%). Between brest part (%) and tights with drumsticks part (%) were notefied statisticaly high significans (P<0.001) i.e. high (P=0.002) diferences. Weight (g) and parts (%) fundamental parts of brests and tights with drumsticks had been shown in Table 2. and 3. As it been expected, parts of skin and subscutaneous fatty tissue in brests were lower at wilde pheasant in both sex relating the cultivated pheasants.   Table 2. Weight (g), fundamental parts of brest tissue  Cultivation pheasant Wilde pheasant  m* (n=10) f**(n=10) m* (n=10) f** (n=10) P Skin+subscutaneous fatty tissue, g 19.8±8.66 18.4±6.79 15.8±3.46 15.0±5.27 0.308 Skin+subscutaneous fatty tissue, % 6.54±1.66 7.18±1.91 4.58±1.13 5.35±1.47 0.003 Muscles, g 241.2±62.43 195.4±32.07 282.6±63.53 214.4±32.14 0.003 Muscles, % 81.41±4.23 78.82±4.21 79.92±5.75 77.44±5.93 0.367 Bones, g 34.20±7.80 34.38±12.74 52.6±14.45 47.2±9.07 0.011 Bones, % 12.05±3.54 13.98±5.02 15.50±5.62 17.20±3.89 0.196 m*=male, f**=female  Table 3. Fundamental parts of tissue in tights with drumsticks   Cultivation pheasant Wilde pheasant  m* (n=10) f**(n=10) m* (n=10) f** (n=10) P Skin+subscutaneous fatty tissue, g 15.6±4.30 19.22±6.61 20.5±3.92 17.4±3.66 0.131 Skin+subscutaneous fatty tissue, % 7.19±1.27 9.91±1.71 7.81±1.19 9.21±1.65 <0.001 Muscles, g 165.4±29.89 147.4±31.54 206.2±37.88 139±13.17 <0.001 Muscles, % 76.84±2.68 77.80±3.49 77.75±3.54 73.69±3.98 0.036 Bones, g 34.4±8.21 23.6±2.46 38.3±11.59 32.2±6.70 0.002 Bones, % 15.97±2.40 13.02±3.33 14.44±3.53 17.11±3.36 0.037  m*=male, f**=female  The differences betwen groups were statisticaly significant (P<0.003). The weight of brest muscles and legs were higer by female pheasants related to males, with statisticaly very high diferences (P<0.001). In Tables 4. and 5. had been shown chemical composition of brest muscles and legs. Statisticaly significant diferences (P<0.001, i.e. P=0.040) were established in Ca and P composition (%) in brest muscles (Table 4). However, related to chemical composition of leg muscles (Table 5.) were notefied very high statistical diferences (P<0.001) between groups in parts of moisture, fat, proteines, Ca, and energetic values. Wilde pheasants had higher part of water, proteines and Ca.  Cultivated (Tucak and Klaić, 1997) pheasants had higher part of fat and consequently higher energetic value (kj/100 g) in tights with drumsticks muscles. Acta agriculturae slovenica, suplement 1(avgust 2004).  90 Table 4. Probably chemical composition of brest   Cultivation pheasant Wilde pheasant  m*(n=10) f** (n=10) m* (n=10) f**(n=10) P Moisture, % 72.61±0.69 71.77±1.22 72.33±10.6 72.43±0.62 0.221 Fatt, % 1.15±0.33 1.69±1.21 0.96±0.25 1.14±0.39 0.100 Proteines, % 25.11±0.62 25.38±0.68 25.57±1.07 25.32±0.47 0.586 Ash, % 1.16±0.03 1.15±0.04 1.14±0.04 1.12±0.06 0.105 Ca, % 0.019±0.003 0.018±0.003 0.032±0.006 0.029±0.006 <0.001 P, % 0.219±0.021 0.230±0.009 0.239±0.017 0.228±0.009 0.040 Energetic value, kj/100 g 485.66±16.24 512.23±45.57 487.02±19.83 489.45±17.21 0.121 m*=male, f**=female  Table 5. Chemical composition of tights with drumsticks  Cultivation pheasant Wilde pheasant  m (n=10) f (n=10) m (n=10) f (n=10) P Moisture, % 71.58±2.58 71.42±1.94 74.50±1.24 73.65±1.01 <0.001 Fatt, % 6.62±2.05 6.81±2.18 2.11±0.74 2.92±1.45 <0.001 Proteines, % 20.71±1.04 20.63±0.71 22.22±0.80 22.32±1.04 <0.001 Ash, % 1.09±0.06 1.06±0.04 1.15±0.08 1.11±0.06 0.014 Ca, % 0.021±0.004 0.020±0.006 0.039±0.009 0.039±0.007 <0.001 P, % 0.205±0.010 0.197±0.017 0.209±0.011 0.208±0.012 0.179 Energetic value, kj/100 g 621.91±109.07 629.20±79.99 472.92±34.35 506.01±45.27 <0.001   m* = male, f** = female CONCLUSIONS – The higes weight achiwed wilde pheasant males (1232.4 ±147.36 g). The differences between tested pheasant groups were statisticly very high significant (P<0.001). – The differences between groups related to brest weight and tights with drumsticks weight were statisticaly very high significant (P<0.001). Between brest parts (%) and legs parts (%) were notefied very high (P<0.001) i.e. high (P=0.002) diferences. – The higests weight breast muscles and tights with drumsticks had wilde pheasants (282.6 ± 63.53 g i.e. 206.2 ± 37.88g). Wilde pheasants had lower part (%) and lighter (g) skin with subscutaneous fatty tissue on brests. Female pheasants cultivated on both ways had higher skin part (%) and subscutaneous tissue in tights with drumsticks. – Related to chemical composition of brest muscles is established statisticaly significant diferences (P<0.001 i.s. P= 0.040)) in part of Ca (% ) and P (%). In wilde pheasant tights with drumsticks muscles established statistically very significant (P<0.001) higher part of moisture, proteins and Ca, i.e. statistically very high significant (P<0.001) lower part of fat and energetic value. Tucak, Z. et al. Indicators of biological value of the pheasant meat … from natural and controlled breeding. 91REFERENCES Christie, W.W./ Moore, J.H. The lipid composition and triglyceride structure of eggs from several avian species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(1972)2, 297–306. Grahn, M./ Göransson, G./ Von Schantz, T. Spacing behaviour of male pheasants, Phasianus colchicus, in relation to dominance and mate acquisition. Animal behaviour, 45(1993)1, 93–103. Grahn, M./ Göransson, G./ Von Schantz, T. Territory acquisition and mating success in pheasants, Phasianus colchicus: an experiment. Animal Behaviour, 46(1993)4, 721–730. Kiessling, K.H. Muscle structure and function in the goose, quail, pheasant, guinea hen, and chicken. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular biology, 57(1977)4, 287–292. Treer, T./ Tucak, Z. Agrarna zoologija. Zagreb, Školska knjiga, 1991, 1–182. Tucak, Z./ Florijančić, T./ Grubešić, M./ Topić, J./ Brna, J./ Dragičević, P./ Tušek, T./ Vukušić, K. Lovstvo. Osijek, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera, 2002, 1–386. Tucak, Z./ Klaić, T. Einfluss der verfutterung von federmehl auf die entwicklung und das federwachstum bei jungen fasanen. Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft, 43(1997)1, 65–69.   

Kazalci biološke vrednosti mesa fazanov iz naravnih in kontroliranih rej

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Kazalci biološke vrednosti mesa fazanov iz naravnih in kontroliranih rej

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