Adamczewski, B. (Benjamin)

ADOLPHE, D. (Dominique)

Bahlouli, N. (Nadia)

Hemmerlé, J. (Joseph)

Khenoussi, N. (Nabyl)

MOHSENZADEH, E. (Elhem)

SCHACHER, L. (Laurence)

Schneider, A. (Anne)

Wagner-kocher, C. (Christiane)

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HAL Id: hal-03130938https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03130938Submitted on 3 Feb 2021HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,émanant des établissements d’enseignement et derecherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou privés.Development of electrospun composite as substitutivediaphragm membraneE Mohsenzadeh, Nabyl Khenoussi, Laurence Schacher, Dominique Adolphe,Joseph Hemmerle, Anne Schneider, Nadia Bahlouli, Christiane Wagner-KocherTo cite this version:E Mohsenzadeh, Nabyl Khenoussi, Laurence Schacher, Dominique Adolphe, Joseph Hemmerle, etal.. Development of electrospun composite as substitutive diaphragm membrane. 17th World Tex-tile Conference AUTEX 2017- Textiles - Shaping the Future, May 2017, Corfu, Greece. pp.062008,￿10.1088/1757-899X/254/6/062008￿. ￿hal-03130938￿IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and EngineeringPAPER • OPEN ACCESSDevelopment of electrospun composite assubstitutive diaphragm membraneTo cite this article: E Mohsenzadeh et al 2017 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 254 062008 View the article online for updates and enhancements.Related contentSurface, interphase and tensile propertiesof unsized, sized and heat treated basaltfibresT Förster, G S Sommer, E Mäder et al.-Recent progress concerning theproduction of controlled highly orientedelectrospun nanofibrous arraysL R Manea, L Hristian, A L Leon et al.-Structure and properties of electrospunPLLA single nanofibresRyuji Inai, Masaya Kotaki and SeeramRamakrishna-Recent citationsZoe Hancox et al-This content was downloaded from IP address 82.65.131.232 on 03/02/2021 at 19:091Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distributionof this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd123456789017th World Textile Conference AUTEX 2017- Textiles - Shaping the Future IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 254 (2017) 062008 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/254/6/062008Development of electrospun composite as substitutivediaphragm membraneE Mohsenzadeh1, N Khenoussi1, L Schacher1, D Adolphe1, J Hemmerlé2, ASchneider2, 3, N Bahlouli4 and C Wagner-Kocher1, 51Laboratory of Physics and Textile Mechanics, EA 4365 - UHA, Mulhouse, France2National Institute of Health and Medical Research, UMR S 1121- INSERM,Strasbourg, France3Pediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France4Laboratory of Engineering Science, data processing and imaging, UMR 7357 -ICUBE, Strasbourg, France5Mechanical and Civil Engineering Laboratory, Montpellier University, LMGC,Montpellier, FranceEmail: dominique.adolphe@uha.frAbstract. The diaphragm is the most important muscle for respiration with a bi-domedstructure, which is separating thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity. Partial formation ofdiaphragm, with unknown reason during fetal development caused a birth defect calledcongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). It allows the abdomen contents to go up into the chestcavity resulting in pulmonary hypoplasia, which is the major cause of the mortality. There areseveral types of membrane, which can be used as prostheses to close the existing hole. In thisproject, we study the tensile properties of electrospun PA-6 nanowebs and electrospun PA-6/Bcomposite as substitution membrane by a comparison with the tensile properties of tendon partof pig’s diaphragm.1. IntroductionThe diaphragm is a layer of muscle and tendon that serves as the main part of respiration and plays avital role in the breathing process. Diaphragmatic hernia that occurs in about 1 in 5,000 live births, isdefined as congenital or acquired defect [1]. As the treatment, if the opening in the diaphragm is smallthen it can be sewn. Otherwise, if it has a large size then the surgeon will require implanting anadditional tissue or membrane. Currently, Gore-Tex® (PTFE) as a synthetic biocompatible material isused to patch this opening in University Hospital in Strasbourg/France (figure 1).The problem is that Gore-Tex® implantable membrane is not elastic enough to follow the naturalgrowth of the child, so this patch usually requires replacement later by the child growth [2].Figure 1. SEM images of double-faced current implanted Gore-Tex; a) Smooth surface b) Rough surfacea) b)2123456789017th World Textile Conference AUTEX 2017- Textiles - Shaping the Future IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 254 (2017) 062008 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/254/6/062008Main objective of our study is to design a substitution membrane by electrospun nanofibers web.Mechanical properties of substitutive membrane have to be close to the human diaphragm that havebeen represented by pig’s diaphragm in this study.2. Materials and Methods2.1. Uniaxial Tensile Test on: Pig’s Diaphragm, electrospun PA-6 nanofibers and electrospun PA-6/BcompositeThe insufficiency of data on mechanical behaviour of human soft tissue is firstly because of thedifficulty of obtaining human tissues for testing and secondly because of the lack of the standardtesting technics for mechanical testing of soft tissues [3]. For this reason, we performed somemechanical tests on pig’s diaphragm (withdrawn from University Hospital, Strasbourg/France), whichis the most feasible, and the nearest case to simulate the human one.Diaphragm is contained of dense collagen fibres, arranged diagonally from lateral to medialdirection.Therefor pig’s samples were excised from different parts of diaphragm from the left and right side,vertically and horizontally based on the tendon fiber orientation (figure 2).Figure 2. Sampling from the fresh pig’s diaphragm, left and right partSoft tissue and electrospun samples have been placed between special frames using pneumaticgripes before being tested. A velocity of 10 mm/min and gripes distance of 15 mm are set on MTSmachine for all the tested samples by following ISO 527-3 standard. A temperature controllerchamber (Instron 3119.005) was mounted to the MTS tensile machine to keep the temperaturestable at 37°C (human body temperature). To reduce the slippage of the samples between thegripes, which was challenging during the tensile test one-side sandpaper frame with waterproofbacking which the samples were stitched to them was used.2.2. Electrospinning of PA-6 electrospun nanofibers and PA-6/B compositePA-6 was chosen as a polymer to produce electrospun nanoweb because of its biocompatibility andexpected adequate mechanical properties. Different electrospinning conditions have been tested byusing a vertical homemade electrospinning booth to obtain optimal conditions of producing PA-6nanofibers. To improve the strain properties of electrospun PA-6 nanofibers, a thin layer of elastomermaterial (material B) was used while electrospinning of PA-6 solution. Electrospinning time wasvaried: 15, 30, 60, 90 minutes. Electrospun nanofibers were observed via SEM micrographs anddiameters were measured thanks to ImageJ software.3. Results and discussionMechanically, tendon works as a force transmitter during rapid muscle contraction. A basic similarityis considered in the structure and function of most tendons. Tendon shows a non-linear behaviour in3123456789017th World Textile Conference AUTEX 2017- Textiles - Shaping the Future IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 254 (2017) 062008 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/254/6/062008uniaxial tension. Once a load is applied (toe region of load- strain curve), the fibres start stretchingparallel to the load direction. As the load further increases, the collagen fibres reorient in order to carrya greater proportion of load. By continuing to increase the load, a transition from low to high stiffnessoccurs and is known as the strain stiffening effect where the fibres will be over stretched and begin torupture until the failure happens [4].The specimens, slipped from any of the grippes, were not included in the results. The tensile curvesof two tendon samples of right (R10: cut vertically and the R2: cut according to the tendondirection) and left (L7: cut vertically and L1: cut according to the tendon direction) side of thediaphragm are shown in figure 3 a and b.Figure 3. Load-strain % curves of right side (a) and left side (b) of pig’s diaphragmThe interval of maximum load between 7 and 18 N as well as the interval of strain between 27 and50 percent are obtained by testing different numbers of samples from right side of diaphragm.Load-Strain % curves of the left side samples revealed the interval of maximum load between 8and 23 N and strain between 15 and 53 percent.To produce electrospun PA-6 nanofibers, 20 wt. % solution of PA-6/Formic acid with 0.1 mL/hfeed rate was injected to the needle by applying 30 kV of voltage between needle and collectorwith a distance of 15 cm. In figure 4, the SEM micrograph of electrospun PA6 nanofibers after 15minutes electrospinning is presented.Figure 4. SEM image of 15 minutes electrospun PA-6 nanofibers30 single nanofibers diameter were randomly measured by ImageJ software. The SEM micrographdisplays the nanofibers with an average diameter of 184 nm.Tensile test results on shorter time of spinning of electrospun PA-6 nanofibers shows improvedmechanical properties. By increasing electrospinning duration on material B (after 30 minutes ofelectrospinning), delamination has been observed between two layers leading us to conclude thatshorter time of electrospinning on material B is more favourable (figure 5).a) b)4123456789017th World Textile Conference AUTEX 2017- Textiles - Shaping the Future IOP PublishingIOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 254 (2017) 062008 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/254/6/062008Figure 5. Delamination between material B and Electrospun PA-6 nanofibersA comparison between tensile results of 15 minutes electrospun PA-6 and electrospun PA-6/Bcomposite is demonstrated in figure 6.Figure 6. Comparison load-strain % curves of 15 minutes electrospun PA-6 and electrospun PA-6/B compositeElectrospun PA-6/B composite displays more deformation for example for the load of 2 N comparedto electrospun PA-6 nanofibers web with the same time of electrospinning.4. ConclusionThe mechanical tests confirmed that regardless of the sampling region, the pork’s diaphragm presentedisotropic properties. For the optimum electrospinning conditions, an average diameter of 184 nmwithout defects was obtained. It was also observed that by increasing the time of electrospinning, therupture force of the sample increased but the strain decreased. Moreover, an important increase of theelectrospinning time, led to a total loss of the elasticity of elastomer material and delamination wasoccurred.References[1] Rehan V K, Laipraset J, Wallach M, Rubin L P and McCool F D diaphragm dimensions of thehealthy preterm infant 1999 Pediatric Research 45 317A[2] Schneider A, Koob M, Sananes N, Senger B, Hemmerlé J and Becmeur F computedtomographic study of the pediatric diaphragmatic growth: Application to the treatment ofcongenital diaphragmatic hernia 2016 European Journal of Pediatric Surgery 27(02) 177-180[3] Gaur P, Chawla A, Verma K, Mukherjee S, Lalvani S, Malhotra R and Mayer Ccharacterisation of human diaphragm at high strain rate loading 2016 Journal of themechanical behavior of biomedical materials 60 603-616[4] Evans J H and Barbenel J C structural and mechanical properties of tendon related to function1975 Equine veterinary journal 7(1) 1-8

Development of electrospun composite as substitutive diaphragm membrane

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Development of electrospun composite as substitutive diaphragm membrane

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