32 p.La viruela del mono (mpox o monkeypox) es una zoonosis emergente causada por el virus Monkeypox (MPXV), cuyo perfil clínico y epidemiológico ha cambiado desde el brote global de 2022. Este trabajo revisa la literatura científica entre 2022 y 2025 con el objetivo de comparar el brote de 2022 con brotes africanos previos y con la emergencia del actual clado Ib, para identificar retos en el diagnóstico diferencial, y evaluar la eficacia de vacunas y antivirales. Los resultados confirman una transmisión predominante en HSH, la utilidad de la PCR en lesiones cutáneas, y la necesidad de mejorar el diagnóstico diferencial. Tecovirimat presenta buen perfil de seguridad, aunque con evidencia limitada, y la vacuna MVA-BN muestra inmunogenicidad aceptable, aunque su eficacia frente al clado Ib sigue sin confirmarse. Se destaca la necesidad de estrategias adaptadas al contexto epidemiológico actual.Mpox is an emerging zoonosis caused by the Monkeypox virus (MPXV). Its clinical and epidemiological profile has shifted significantly since the global outbreak in 2022. This work reviews scientific literature published between 2022 and 2025 to compare the characteristics of the 2022 outbreak with those of prior outbreaks in Africa, as well as to examine the emergence of the current Ib clade. Furthermore, it identifies diagnostic challenges and assesses the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral treatments. The findings confirm that the predominant mode of transmission has been among men who have sex with men (MSM), that PCR testing of cutaneous lesions offers reliable diagnostic accuracy, and that differential diagnosis can be complex. Tecovirimat demonstrates a favorable safety profile, although evidence of its effectiveness is limited. The MVA-BN vaccine shows acceptable immunogenicity, but its efficacy against clade Ib remains uncertain. This study underscores the importance of developing adaptive strategies that are tailored to evolving epidemiological contexts.Grado en Medicin
