BALLARE T

DE FELIP E

DELLANTE E

DI DOMENICO A

FERRI F

FULGENTI A. R

HERMANN T

IACOVELLA N

INGELIDO A. M

MINIERO R

PAPKE O

PORPORA, Maria Grazia

English

Archivio della ricerca- Università di Roma La Sapienza

 BODY BURDENS AND DIETARY INTAKE    Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Milk from Italian Women Living in Rome and Venice    Anna Maria INGELIDO1, Alessandro DI DOMENICO1, Terri BALLARD2, Elena DE FELIP1, Elena DELLATTE1, Fabiola FERRI1, Anna Rita FULGENZI1, Thomas HERRMANN3, Nicola IACOVELLA1, Roberto MINIERO1, Olaf PAPKE3, Maria Grazia PORPORA4  1Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 2FAO, Rome 3ERGO, Hamburg 4University of Rome      ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS – Volume 66 (2004) 2689  Introduction  Increasing concern on the potential effects on neurobehavioral development in children caused by perinatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) has prompted a number of regulatory actions aimed to reduce PBDE maternal body burden.  In fact, in spite of a still incomplete congener-specific PBDE toxicological characterization, many experimental studies consistently reported neurotoxic effects following neonatal exposure to these compounds.1,2  Breast milk monitoring studies on PBDEs are of primary importance to carry out an adequate risk assessment at the actual levels of exposure, since it has been shown that levels in breast milk reflect maternal body burden during pregnancy and are a dose-metric of prenatal exposure to PBDEs.  Additional exposure occurs during breast-feeding.  Although in humans it is difficult to distinguish between exposure of offspring by transplacental or by breast milk transfer, both human and animal data from a different species indicate that accumulation of highly persistent chemicals ingested via milk far exceeds the contribution from maternal-foetal transfer.2,3  In order to characterize the current levels of infant exposure due to breast feeding in Italy, we analyzed milk from mothers from the general population of Rome and Venice and its surroundings.  In this latter case, an assessment of PBDE levels was carried out as a function of maternal fish consumption, remarkably higher than the national mean value in some subgroups of the local population.   Materials and methods  Sampling.  Lactating mothers from Rome (one group/pool:  10 donors) were enrolled in the period from January 2000 to July 2001.  Mothers from Venice and its surroundings (three  BODY BURDENS AND DIETARY INTAKE    ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS – Volume 66 (2004) 2690 groups/pools:  LC, 10 donors; MC, 13 donors; HC, six donors) were enrolled in the period from April 1998 to October 2000.  Age distribution of mothers enrolled in all groups was 21–40 years.  Except for an excess fish consumption of the HC group, dietary habits of all subjects were substantially representative of the mean Italian diet.  Mothers from Venice and its surroundings were grouped according to their consumption of fish and molluscs:  Pools LC, MC, and HC are associated with respectively low, medium, and (remarkably) high fish consumptions.  Mothers from the Rome area had an average fish consumption.  Analysis.  Milk pools from each group were formed by adding the same quantity of milk from each donor.  Samples were added with 13C-labelled standards and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl ether and n-hexane.  Clean-up was carried out by a multi-step procedure as described by Päpke et al.4  HRMS-HRGC(SIM) was utilized for quantification of PBDE congeners 28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183.   Results and discussion  The cumulative PBDE concentration in the milk pool from Rome was of 4.1 ng/g, lipid base (lb).  Levels in the three pools from Venice (LC, MC, and HC), characterized by increasing levels of fish consumption, were respectively of 2.8, 2.5, and 1.6 ng/g lb.  Congener-specific data are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.  As observed in most studies on human milk,5-10 in all our pools PBDE congeners 47, 99, 100, and 153 are the most abundant, their sum accounting for over 80 % of total concentration.  In the pools from Venice and its surroundings, the cumulative PBDE levels appear to decrease with increasing fish consumption.  Contrary to that, H6BDE 153 relative contribution progressively increases, to become the predominant congener in the group at the highest level of fish consumption:  this results in a contamination profile different from what is usually observed in human milk, with T4BDE 47 standing out for its relative abundance.  The combined concentrations of the three most abundant PBDE congeners 47, 99, and 153 range between 1.3 and 3.3 ng/g lb:  these values match those recently reported for some European countries (Table 2 and Figure 2), spanning from 1.5 to 5.3 ng/g lb5,6 and on average in the order of 3 ng/g lb.7-10  The outcome of the analysis of edible benthonic mollusks (clams and cardium) collected in the Venice lagoon during milk sampling showed a congener profile with a strong predominance of T4BDE 47 and P5BDE 99, with H6BDE 153 levels approximately 15–20 % of the T4BDE 47 concentration (Figure 3).  The biological differences between the two organisms might account for the large diversity in body burdens (40 and 15 ng/g lb, respectively):  however, it should be pointed out that clams, grown in a lagoon area under a greater industrial impact, exhibit a PBDE body burden much higher than that measured in cardia, the latter being obtained from a fishing zone.  Although a correlation between PBDE levels in lagoon biota and the body burden of local people was beyond the scope of our study, it is nevertheless of interest to highlight the presence of PBDEs in low trophic niches at levels comparable with those of several PCB congeners.     BODY BURDENS AND DIETARY INTAKE    ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS – Volume 66 (2004) 2691 Acknowledgments  The authors are deeply indebted with the following co-workers, whose dedicated contribution in milk sampling allowed the study to be carried out:  (Venice area) F. D’Andrea, S. Della Sala, M.P. Giammarinaro, C. Pedini, E. Pesce, F. Salmistrari, M. Savonitto, S. Scantambulro, S. Smerghetto, and L. Tagliapietra; (Rome area) A. Paterno and A. Quaranta.  The work was financially supported by joint Grant PR-27/IS of the Italian Ministry of the Environment and Territory Protection (Rome) and the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Rome).  Most of the information presented was drawn from the report Sezione II — Sottoprogramma “Latte Umano” by di Domenico A., Biagini G., De Felip E., Dellatte E., Ferri F., Ingelido A.M., & Miniero R. (2002).    Table 1. PBDE congener concentrations and distribution in human milk samples (ng/g lb) from Venice and Rome. PBDE Venice (LC) Venice (MC) Venice (HC) Rome T3BDE-17 0.0038 0.0042 <0.002 0.0039 T3BDE-28 0.065 0.064 0.036 0.082 T4BDE-47 1.5 0.90 0.55 1.9 T4BDE-66 0.015 0.037 <0.006 0.019 P5BDE-85 0.035 0.045 0.018 0.074 P5BDE-99 0.41 0.51 0.14 0.97 P5BDE-100 0.28 0.19 0.15 0.48 H6BDE-138 <0.01 0.020 <0.01 0.013 H6BDE-153 0.41 0.47 0.60 0.47 H6BDE-154 0.025 0.047 0.020 0.070 H7BDE-183 0.061 0.19 0.050 0.092 Ȉ PBDE 2.8 2.5 1.6 4.1      BODY BURDENS AND DIETARY INTAKE    ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS – Volume 66 (2004) 2692 00.511.52ng/g, lipid base17 28 47 66 85 99 100 138 153 154 183PBDE congenersFigure 1.  PBDE profiles in milk samples from Venice and Rome.LCMCHCROMA       Table 2. PBDE congener concentrations and distribution in human milk samples (ng/g lb) from some European countries.  Values rounded off to two figures. Country Year 47 99 100 153 154 Ȉ PBDE Reference Belgium 2000–2001 1.7 0.35 0.17 0.43 0.12 2.8 8 Finland 1996 0.85 0.35 — 0.29 — 1.5 5 Sweden 2000 1.2 0.21 0.14 0.32 0.02 1.8 10 The Netherlands 1998 1.2 0.37 0.31 0.95 <0.08 2.9 7 UK 2001–2003 3.0 0.9 0.6 1.4 0.5 6.6 6      BODY BURDENS AND DIETARY INTAKE    ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS – Volume 66 (2004) 2693 00.511.522.53ng/g, lipid base47 99 100 153 154PBDE congenersFigure 2.  PBDE profiles in milk samples from some European countries.BelgiumFinland Italy (Rome)SwedenThe NetherlandsUK  BODY BURDENS AND DIETARY INTAKE    ORGANOHALOGEN COMPOUNDS – Volume 66 (2004) 2694 048121620ng/g, lipid base17 28 47 66 85 99 100 138 153 154 183PBDE congenersFigure 3.  PBDE profiles in edible mollusks from the Venice lagoon: clams, from an industrial area; cardia , from a fishing area.  clamscardia  References 1. Branchi I., Alleva E., & Costa L.G. (2002).  Neurotoxicology 23, 375–384. 2. Eriksson P., Jakobsson E., & Fredriksson A. (2001).  Environmental Health         and Perspectives 109, 903–908. 3. Gallenberg L.A. & Vodicnik M.J. (1987).  Drug Metabolism Review 21, 277–317. 4. Päpke O., Bathe L., Bergman A., Fürst P., Meyronyté Guvenius D., Hermann T., & Norén K.           (2001).  Organohalogen Compounds 52, 197–200. 5. Strandman T., Koistinen J., & Vartiainen T. (2000).  Organohalogen Compounds 47, 61–64. 6. Kalantzi O.I., Alcock R.E., Martin F.L., Thomas G.O., & Jones K.C. (2004).  Organohalogen         Compounds 61, 9–12. 7. Baumann B., Hijman W., Van Beuzekom S., Hoogerbrugge R., Houweling D., & Zeilmaker          M. (2004).  Organohalogen Compounds 61, 187–190. 8. Pirard C., De Pauw E., & Focant J.-F.(2004).  Organohalogen Compounds 64, 158–161. 9. Thomsen C., Frøshaug M., Leknes H., & Becher G.(2004).  Organohalogen Compounds 64,          33–36. 10. Meironyté Guvenius D., Aronsson A., Ekman-Ordebrg G., Bergman Å., & Norén K. (2003).           Environmental Health and Perspectives 111, 1235–1241 

Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in milk from Italian Women living in Rome and Venice.

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Levels of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in milk from Italian Women living in Rome and Venice.

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