Allegrucci, G

Cesaroni, D

Gratton, P

Marta, S

Riccarducci, G

Sbordoni, V

Trasatti, A

Trucchi, E

GRATTON, PAOLO

ALLEGRUCCI, GIULIANA

CESARONI, DONATELLA

SBORDONI, VALERIO

English

The Erebia tyndarus species complex in the Alps and Apennines: new genetic data on a biogeographic riddle.

Cineca Institutional Research Information System

Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Roma Tor vergata

Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 75, 2013 
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THE EREBIA TYNDARUS SPECIES COMPLEX IN THE ALPS AND 
APENNINES: NEW GENETIC DATA ON A BIOGEOGRAPHIC 
RIDDLE 
 
 
PAOLO GRATTON1, ALESSANDRA TRASATTI1*, GIORGIO RICCARDUCCI1, 
EMILIANO TRUCCHI2, SILVIO MARTA1, GIULIANA ALLEGRUCCI1, 
DONATELLA CESARONI1, VALERIO SBORDONI1 
 
1 Dipartimento di Biologia, Università “Tor Vergata”, Roma,  
Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma 
2 Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES),  
University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway 
*Corresponding author. Email: alessandra.trasatti@uniroma2.it 
 
 
 
 The Erebia tyndarus species complex is a cluster of closely 
related alpine taxa, which have represented an intriguing issue for 
taxonomists, evolutionary biologists and biogeographers (eg. Lorković, 
1958; Descimon & Mallet, 2009). 
 The species within the ‘tyndarus’ group were defined using 
morphological and ecological characters, cross-breeding experiments, 
karyology, and molecular data from allozymes and mitochondrial DNA 
(mtDNA). However, the delimitation of species, their interrelationships, 
as well as the origin of their non-obvious geographic distribution, are 
still largely unclear, especially as far as the species inhabiting Alps and 
Apennines are concerned.  
 Since Warren’s monography (1936), allowing for only one 
species, Erebia tyndarus, up to five different species have been 
described in the Alps, though most taxonomists currently consider four 
species: E. tyndarus, E. cassioides, E. calcaria and E. nivalis, all of 
them belonging to a unique “Alpine” clade (Albre et al., 2008). Figure 
1a illustrates the distribution range of these taxa. Three species (E. 
tyndarus, E. nivalis, E. calcaria) are endemic to the Alps, while E. 
cassioides stretches its patchy distribution from the Alps into 
Apennines, Pyrenees and Balkans. This distribution pattern includes 
Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 75, 2013 
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39
instances of allopatry, parapatry and quasi-sympatry; the latter case 
represented by E. nivalis narrowly overlapping along an altitudinal 
gradient with E. cassioides or (in a single site) E. tyndarus. 
 As stenoecious butterflies with low dispersal ability, members 
of the ‘tyndarus’ group represents a valuable model for historical 
dynamics of alpine habitats in Italian mountain ranges. 
 Here we present the progress of a PRIN2009 project, entitled 
“Comparative phylogeography of butterfies from Apennines addressed 
to the development of descriptive and predictive bioclimatic models”, 
aiming at elucidating the genetic relationships within the “Alpine” clade 
and the population range dynamics along Alps and Apennines.  
 A fragment (1190 bp) of the mtDNA cox1 gene was sequenced 
in a sample of 112 individuals representative of the distribution of all 
the species of the “Alpine” clade in the Alps and Apennines, plus 3 
individuals from the Pyrenean range of E. cassioides and 1 E. rondoui 
as an outgroup (Figure 1a). Restriction sites associated DNA (RAD) 
from the whole genomes of a subset of 45 individuals was sequenced on 
a single lane of a HiSeq Illumina machine. 
 Our preliminary analysis of RAD data provide the first 
molecular support for the traditional 4-species taxonomy (Figure 1c) of 
the “Alpine” clade, which is not resolved by mtDNA data (Figure 1b). 
Both mtDNA and RAD data detect some geographic structure within E. 
cassioides, indicating relatedness between Apennine and western Alps 
(especially Maritime Alps) populations. Interestingly, RAD data show a 
rather continuous genetic gradient from Pyrenees to Alps and 
Apennines, while mtDNA highlights the genetic distinctiveness of 
Western Alpine and Apenninic populations from the rest of E. 
cassioides, consistent with the hypothesis of colonization of the 
Apennine range from Western Alps. 
 
REFERENCES 
Albre J., Gers C. & Legal L., 2008. Molecular phylogeny of the Erebia 
tyndarus (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) species 
Boll. Mus. Ist. Biol. Univ. Genova, 75, 2013 
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40
group combining CoxII and ND5 mitochondrial genes: A case study of 
a recent radiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47: 196–
210. 
Descimon H. & Mallet J., 2009. Bad species. 219-249. In: Settele J., Konvicka 
M., Shreeve T.G., Van Dyck H., (eds). Ecology of butterflies in 
Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 
Lorković Z., 1958. Some Peculiarities of Spatially and Sexually Restricted 
Gene Exchange in the Erebia tyndarus Group. Cold Spring Harb 
Symp Quant Biol 23: 319-325. 
Warren B.C.S., 1936. Monography of the genus Erebia. British Museum of 
Natural History, London. 
 
 
 
 
Figure 1. The Erebia tyndarus species complex: sampling localities and results 
of the genetic analysis. 


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The Erebia tyndarus species complex in the Alps and Apennines: new genetic data on a biogeographic riddle.

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