The study of ancient teeth offers many opportunities for exploring human activity in earlier periods, primarily due to their exceptional preservation and unique ability to capture diverse biological markers. Unlike other parts of the skeleton, teeth resist postmortem decay, making them reliable repositories of biological data that provide insights into physiology, diet, health, and genetics. This review examines key advances in dental analysis, focusing on cutting-edge bioarchaeological methods for studying both recent and ancient teeth. Topics covered include climate change, stable isotope analysis for reconstructing diets and migration patterns, and the investigation of ancient diseases and medical practices. Advanced techniques, including ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis and proteomic studies of teeth and dental calculus, further expand our understanding by identifying genetic and protein markers linked to health and disease. Collectively, these approaches bridge critical gaps in our knowledge of human history and biology, offering a more comprehensive view of how ancient populations adapted to their environments, managed health challenges, and sustained their ways of life
