International Relations/Trade, Livestock Production/Industries,

Wagner, G. Gale

English

Research Papers in Economics

50 Keeping the Borders Open
U.S.- MEXICO FREE TRADE:  ANIMAL HEALTH ISSUES
G. Gale Wagner
INTRODUCTION
Successful free trade between the U.S. and Mexico requires judg-
ments about the hazards posed by infectious disease agents and ectopara-
sites from Mexico to the livestock and poultry industries in the United
States. Tuberculosis, classical swine fever (hog cholera), Newcastle dis-
ease of poultry, and babesiosis are examples of diseases which are serious
threats.  Ectoparasites such as ticks seriously affect the livestock industry
by the diseases they transmit and the debility caused by their infestation.
The diseases and ectoparasites of most concern at present are:
• tuberculosis — affecting cattle and deer;
• brucellosis — in cattle, goats and wild ungulates;
• exotic Newcastle disease (END) — in fowl;
• classical swine fever — affecting pigs;
• babesiosis — in cattle, horses and deer;
• Boophilus spp. (ticks);
• epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis — affecting
horses;
• vesicular stomatitis — in cattle, horses and pigs;
• fowl typhoid — in fowl;51
• pseudorabies — especially in feral pigs; and
• ehrlichiosis — affecting cattle, sheep and goats.
The risk to U.S. agriculture posed by the agents of each of the
above diseases in Mexico should be assessed by a systematic and objec-
tive procedure.  It should also be evident that animal diseases endemic to
the United States (avian influenza in poultry, bluetongue in cattle, sheep
and goats, and scrapie in sheep are examples) could do immense damage
in Mexico.  Finally, several dangerous diseases and ectoparasites have
been excluded from Mexico and the United States, but are present in Cen-
tral or South America.  These include aftosa (foot and mouth disease),
screwworm and trypanosomiasis. Both the United States and Mexico have
a major interest in keeping these agents at bay.  Thus, risk assessment and
planning toward disease control and elimination should include our coun-
terparts in Mexico.
INFORMATION NEEDS AND STRATEGIC PLANNING
Studies of the economics of animal diseases are limited.  Estimat-
ing losses by calculating the market value of severely ill or dead animals is
misleading; there are far more biologic and economic interactions in the
system.  A better procedure is to develop models of disease and ectopara-
site behavior based on field observations, which assess the risk of disease
introduction and the relative susceptibility of the U.S. livestock and poul-
try populations.  With such information, economic models can then pre-
dict the impact of a disease outbreak, giving more realistic costs that re-
flect the effects of supply changes on consumer price.  With such models,
the economic benefit of targeted research on disease and ectoparasite con-
trol (and perhaps elimination) measures can be predicted.
The relationship between U.S. veterinary regulatory authorities and
their Mexican counterparts has focused on three areas: trade policy, regu-
latory issues and research collaboration.  Animal health authorities from
both countries meet quarterly to discuss mutual concerns.  Their goal for
food-animal trade is not only free trade but safe trade.  Neither country has
Wagner52 Keeping the Borders Open
any intent to ignore risks or to lift restrictions which have a valid biologic
basis.
The current goal in strategic planning for the binational committee
(animal health authorities and government officials from both countries) is
twofold; to encourage Mexico to design a national plan of infectious dis-
ease and ectoparasite control and eradication that will compliment similar
efforts in the United States, and to work together to provide the scientific
knowledge needed to eliminate the threat that infectious diseases and ecto-
parasites pose to the livestock industries in both countries.  Issues of equiva-
lent export certifications, harmonized test protocols, designated disease-
free zones, environmental protection, etc. all are integral to the combined
planning effort.  A good example of a binational program is the bovine
TB/brucellosis program which currently promulgates harmonized test pro-
tocols and designated disease-free zones within participating states.
A critically important role is played by outside groups, including
state agencies, the food animal and food animal product industries, and
universities.  There is the sense that the  U.S./Mexico binational committee
is addressing specific, high priority emerging disease issues relative to
trade agreements.  Clearly, the universities are expected to be involved as
centers of excellence to identify animal health investigative, diagnostic
and research issues and needs.
Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment starts with an evaluation of the risk of introduc-
tion of any disease agent  currently exotic to either country.   We need to
know where and when a particular disease is active and how often an
effective link exists between the disease location and susceptible animals
in Mexico and/or the United States.  There are many diseases that are con-
sidered endemic, that is, the disease agents are sometimes active, some-
times inactive, usually depending on the concentration of susceptible ani-
mals, or the number of vectors (such as ticks). There might be a “region”
in northeastern Mexico, for instance, where a disease babesiosis is consid-
ered endemic.  The larger the region and the closer it is to the United
States, the greater the chance that a diseased animal (asymptomatic reser-53
voir) or infected vector (such as a tick), will complete the linkage.  The
1971 outbreak of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), for instance,
occurred as a result of infected mosquitoes carrying the virus from Mexico
into Texas.
The epidemiologic factors that facilitate transmission and estab-
lishment of most infectious diseases are well known.  Using babesiosis
(Texas cattle fever) as an example, the factors include the Boophilus tick
vector, an infected cow as a reservoir of the Babesia parasite, and the
susceptible host.  Recent collaborative research in Mexico gives added
understanding to the relative risk.  We now know that we need to be espe-
cially concerned about the relative ability of ticks from various parts of
Mexico to transmit the parasite, as well as the effect of stress such as ship-
ping on an infected animal (disease reservoir if ticks are present). The
presence of vectors and other facilitators required to sustain disease trans-
mission need to be analyzed.  Disease transmission depends on a series of
events occurring in proper sequence and within certain time constraints,
bringing the susceptible population of either livestock or poultry into con-
tact either with the potential disease reservoir or the disease vector or both.
The probability that these events might occur is often remote, and surely
this is true or many more diseases would be introduced.
We need to be confident about our ability to recognize and contain
a disease outbreak.  Tests for early recognition and diagnosis of livestock
and poultry diseases are effective and in place at the  veterinary medical
diagnostic laboratories in Mexico and the United States. But, timely diag-
nosis depends on the specimen getting to the laboratory quickly, and the
appropriate tests being completed quickly  and efficiently.  This is not
difficult if the animals in question come through an import facility, as most
do.  However, cattle, horses and birds are smuggled in by road, by air, and
by individuals walking across the border.  Such animals can carry diseases
and ectoparasites transmissible to livestock.
Science, social change, management practices, and transportation
have affected the selection of disease and ectoparasite control strategies.
A good example is the situation with Boophilus ticks.  Only one pesticide
Wagner54 Keeping the Borders Open
of one chemical group, organophosphate, is licensed for use directly on
animals in the in the United States  By contrast, in Mexico, several formu-
lations of pesticides of three chemical groups, organophosphates, amidines
and pyrithroids, are available to control ticks on animals. As a result, tick
populations that are resistant to the pesticides are prevalent in Mexico.
Several small “pockets” of resistant ticks have been found in Texas, usu-
ally on smuggled cattle.  A major concern are the white-tailed and exotic
deer which are numerous in Texas and the rest of the U.S. and provide
economic benefit to landowners.  In certain locations, however, these deer
present a substantial risk as they are alternate hosts to ticks and cannot be
effectively treated with pesticides. They are also known to be carriers of
disease agents (often without showing symptoms themselves) such as the
bacterium causing tuberculosis in cattle.
As suggested above, evaluating the significance of a potential dis-
ease outbreak, especially in economic terms, is problematic for the bi-
national commission.  As an example, there is no consensus on the status
of Newcastle disease in poultry, known to be regularly present in Mexico.
The occasional appearance of Newcastle in the U.S. has been assumed to
have been be the result smuggling of infected birds.  However, the disease
could cause the demise of the commercial poultry industry in a state or
region or region of either country.  Another example would be classical
swine fever, which has been eradicated from the United States but remains
enzootic in certain areas of Mexico.  If the disease appeared in feral swine
in the Gulf coast states of the United States, the implications relative to
control and elimination are grave.
Safe Trade
There are many strategic opportunities for ensuring safe trade.
Conventional methods of disease control, for instance, are based on data
often obtained from studies in temperate climates and ecology.  These
methods generally do not work in the long term in relatively well managed
tropical and sub-tropical areas such as Mexico.  It is obvious, therefore,
that they are not going to work in those areas of Mexico with poorer man-
agement.  Recent experience has shown that an integrated approach is
essential because management, and concepts of disease control are often55
misleading.  The first surprise, for example, when farmers gather with dis-
ease investigators to discuss problems, is when the farmers begin to under-
stand that infections with multiple disease agents, for example babesia and
tuberculosis, are more often the rule than the exception.
CONCLUSION
A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is needed to utilize
the advances in the genetics of resistance and transgenic animals, the stra-
tegic use of chemicals and biologics, and integrated methods for the con-
trol of disease vectors.  Also, tropical animal health has become a signifi-
cant element in developing strategies for increased food production with
conservation of renewable natural resources.  The science that uses the
new and highly useful biotechnology-based methods for the detection and
prevention of infectious livestock diseases and ectoparasites has also pro-
vided major opportunities for marketing animals of high potential produc-
tion and performance in areas of endemic or epidemic disease, while pre-
serving biological resources by minimizing the use of chemicals.
Additional research needed to reduce the risk posed by disease
agents and ectoparasites in Mexico and, at the same time, increase the
export marketability of livestock includes:
• Studies on the genetics of natural disease resistance in all animal
species that are key to increased meat, milk and agricultural pro-
duction in tropical Mexico.  Such studies would include brucel-
losis and tuberculosis in cattle, ascites in chickens, helminths in
goats and reproductive diseases in mules and burros.
• Collaborative studies on the integrated control of diseases such
as tuberculosis, brucellosis, babesiosis, and classical swine fe-
ver, especially in disease-free zones in
both countries.
• Emphasis on developing a geographic information system (GIS)
based decision support system for surveillance, control and elimi-
nation of disease vectors.
Wagner

U.S. - MEXICO FREE TRADE: ANIMAL HEALTH ISSUES

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