This is the first report of the invasive scutellerid bug Deroplax silphoides (Thunberg, 1783) from Israel. The species is a pest of ornamental plants, whose immature stages and life history were previously unknown. Information on its nymphs, life history and distribution is provided and its association with Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) is reported for the first time.
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Cite as: Novoselsky, T., Furth, D.G., Eger, J.E., Jr &amp; Zvik, Y. 2015. Deroplax silphoides (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae): A new plant pest in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology&nbsp;44–45: 5–12.
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.30534
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8D33EFCB-53D6-4D93-AC7A-E887BC62E9B

Eger, Jr., Joseph E.

Furth, David G.

Novoselsky, Tanya

Zvik, Yoram

English

Israel Journal of Entomology

Israel Journal of entomology, Vol. 44–45, pp. 5–12 (6 september 2015)Deroplax silphoides (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae):  A new plant pest in IsraelTania novoselsky1, DaviD G. FurTh2, Joseph e. eGer, Jr.3 & yoram Zvik4,51The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and National Research Center, Department of Zoology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978 Israel2Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012 USA3Dow AgroSciences LLC, 2606 S. Dundee St., Tampa, FL 33629 USA4Hoopoe Ornithology & Ecology Center, 1 Nahal Mamshit St., Yerocham, 8051545 Israel5Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Be'er Sheva', 84105 IsraelE-mail: tania@post.tau.ac.il, furthd@si.edu, jeeger@dow.com, yzvik65@gmail.comABSTRACTThis is the first report of the invasive scutellerid bug Deroplax silphoides (Thunberg, 1783) from Israel. The species is a pest of ornamental plants, whose im mature stages and life history were previously unknown. Information on its nymphs, life history and distribution is provided and its association with Dodo-naea vis cosa (Sapindaceae) is reported for the first time. KeyWorDs: Scutelleridae, Hoteinae, Dodonaea, biology, life history, morpho­logy, Sapindaceae, Middle East.INTRODUCTIONThe Scutelleridae (Shield or Jewel Bugs) are a cosmopolitan family of terrestrial bugs belonging to the superfamily Pentatomoidea and comprising about 81 genera and over 450 species (Cassis and Vanags 2006; Henry 2009). The family is most diverse in the tropical and subtropical regions. The genus Deroplax Mayr, 1864 was included in the subfamily Pachycorinae until Carapezza (2009) created the subfamily Hoteinae for the genera Hotea Amyot & Serville, 1843 and Deroplax based on their unique genitalia. The Hoteinae are a relatively small subfamily with less than 20 described spe­cies in three genera occurring mainly in the Afrotropics. They are characterized by having stridulatory patches on the abdominal venter, the vesica prolonged into a penisfilum that is coiled multiple times, and an elongate convoluted spermathecal duct (Carapezza 2009). The genus Deroplax is known primarily from the Palearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical regions; this bug is a pest in areas where it is invasive but not where it is native. In the Oriental Region, the genus is known from Bangladesh (Ahmad et al. 1988; Scott 1990); in the Palearctic from Pakistan (Ahmad et al. 1988), Iran (Iranipour et al. 2010), and Saudi Arabia (Göllner­Scheiding 2006); in the Afrotropics, it has been reported from Madagascar and South Africa north to Somalia, Ethiopia, and Senegal (Schouteden 1903; Kirkaldy 1909; Göllner­Scheiding 2006). Deroplax silphoides is known primarily from the Afrotropics (South Africa; Les ton 1953) http://www.entomology.org.il/publications; ISSN (online) 2224­6304 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:8D33EFCB­53D6­4D93­AC7A­E887BC62E9BC6 ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, VOL. 44 & 45, 2015and Palaearctic Region (Saudi Arabia; El­Hawagry 2013). In Israel  Deroplax sil-phoides was first discovered in the southern Negev (Elat) in 2002, Central Negev (Yeroham) in 2010, and in 2013 it spread to Be'er Sheva'. The Israeli scutellerid fauna is relatively poor, being represented until recent by only three subfamilies (Eurygastrinae, Odontoscelinae, Odontotarsinae), eight genera and 24 species (Avidov and Harpaz 1969; Bodenheimer 1937; Hoberlandt 1951; Linnavuori 1960, 1961, 1973; Göllner­Scheiding 2006). Some scutellerids are economically important, primarily in the Old World; these include Eurygaster austriaca (Schrank, 1776), E. integriceps Puton, 1881, E. ma-ura (L., 1758), and E. testudinaria (Geoffroy, 1785). One of the most important insect pests of cereals (wheat and barley) is E. integriceps, well known as a serious limiting factor for the production of wheat grain with strong gluten in the Near and Middle East, Eastern and Southern Europe, and North Africa (Kostyukovsky et al. 2010). Wheat damaged by bugs contains enzymes, which degrade gluten pro­teins, cause rapid relaxation of dough and result in the production of bread with low volume and inferior texture. Eurygaster integriceps is an economically im­portant species in Israel as well (Kostyukovsky and Zohar 2004), and Deroplax sil-phoides can now be added as a second scutellerid pest species in the Israeli fauna. Deroplax silphoides is a potential biological control agent of devil’s weed Tribulus terrestris L. and was found in southern Africa feeding on this plant’s green and dry burrs (Scott 1990). MATERIALS AND METHODSThis study is based on the Scutelleridae collection housed at the Steinhardt Mu seum of Natural History and National Research Center at Tel Aviv University (TAUI). Measurements have been taken on ten females and ten males and are given in millimeters. The terminology follows Pendergrast (1957), Scudder (1959), and McDonald (1966). Photographs were taken with a Canon PowerShot G9 camera, mounted on a Zeiss Stereo Discovery V20 microscope and processed using the CombineZP software. Transliterated names of localities in Israel follow the Israel Touring Map (1:250,000) and List of Settlements, published by the Israel Survey, Ministry of Labor (2009).RESULTSDeroplax silphoides (Thunberg, 1783)(Figs 1–12)Cimex silphoides Thunberg, 1783. Cimex stigma Fabricius, 1798. Tetyra stigma: Fabricius, 1803.Pachycoris stigma: Burmeister, 1835.Odontotarsus silphoides: Dallas, 1851.Odontotarsus coquerelii Signoret, 1861.Sergia silphoides: Stål, 1865.Sergia coquerelii: Stål, 1865. noVoselsKy ET AL.: DEROPLAx SILPHOIDES, A NEW PLANT PEST IN ISRAEL 7Deroplax silphoides var. coquerelii: Kirkaldy, 1909.Deroplax silphoides var. schoutedeni Kirkaldy, 1909.Deroplax silphoides var. stigmata Kirkaldy, 1909.Diagnosis: Adults of D. silphoides differ from other Scutelleridae in Israel by fol lowing combination of characters: head with central lobe, not acuminately pro­duced; lateral pronotal angles not produced; body convex both dorsally and vent­rally, broadly oval; metathoracic scent auricles absent; spermatheca with me dian dilation.Description: General appearance (Figs 1–4). Color varies considerably (Leston 1953). Dark yellow with greenish and black spots dorsally; antennae, labium, Figs 1–4: Deroplax silphoides, adult: (1, 2, 4) male, dorsal (1), lateral (2) and ventral (4) views; (3) female, ventral view.8 ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, VOL. 44 & 45, 2015tho rax and abdominal sterna, femora, tibiae and all tarsomeres black; coxa, tro­chan ter, claws brown; venter of abdomen yellowish green with black markings in females, black in males. Male length 10.4–11.3 mm, width 6.2–6.6 mm; female length 11.2–12.0 mm, width 6.8–7.4 mm.Head (Figs 1–4) declivous; a little wider than long; lateral margins mostly straight or slightly curved; clypeus barely surpassing mandibular plates; dorsum of head black with elongate yellow spots extending from ocelli onto each jugum; eyes protruding laterally. Antenna five­segmented, attached ventrally near eyes; first antennomere 0.87 mm long, never reaching beyond apex of head, second 0.66 mm, third shortest, <0.57 mm, fourth 1.08 mm, fifth longest 1.26 mm, total length of antenna 4.44 mm. Labium four­segmented, reaching to just past mesocoxae, total length 4.58 mm.Thorax. Anterior margin of pronotum straight mesally, but shallowly concave in general (Fig. 1); width across humeral angles 6.9 mm, length at middle 3.4 mm. Pronotum with eight to ten black spots, these sometimes coalesced resulting in fewer spots. Scutellum (Fig. 1) covers entire abdomen, length 7.1 mm, width 6.9 mm at base; eight spots, four basal, two at middle, and two elongate­linear pos terior to middle, spots sometimes coalesced into fewer spots. Metapleuron (Fig. 5) peritreme comma­shaped.Figs 5–7: Deroplax silphoides, adult: (5) metapleuron, general view (5a) and enlarged (5b); (6) male genital capsule, dorsal view; (7) underside of female abdomen showing genital plates. noVoselsKy ET AL.: DEROPLAx SILPHOIDES, A NEW PLANT PEST IN ISRAEL 9Abdomen (Figs 3, 4) 7.1 mm long and 6.9 mm wide; stridulatory patches on either side. Male genitalia (Fig. 6) quite unlike the genitalia of Scutellerini, and were described and illustrated by Leston (1953) and Carapezza (2009). Carapezza (2009) described the female genitalia (Fig. 7).Egg (Figs 8, 9). Surface smooth. Oval­shaped, 1.34 mm long, 1.09 mm wide. Laid in masses of 13 eggs, arranged in three regular lines, one with three eggs, one with six and one with four eggs. Yellow­green when laid, turning yellow in approx. 3 days, eight days later eyes appear as red spots, and egg burster as black triangle (Fig. 8). Nymphs (Fig. 10). Third to fifth instars resemble adults in their overall shape and color.Material examined: Israel: Northern Negev: Be'er Sheva', 250 m, 19.v.2014 (1♂), 28.v.2014 (2♀), Y. Bar; Be'er Sheva', 9.vi.2010, N. Dahan (1♂, 1♀); Kemehin, 25.x.2013, Z. Sigal & I. Renan (1♂); Central Negev: Yeroham, 11.v.2014, Y. Zvik, on Dodonaea viscosa, (30♂, 26♀); Yeroham [Yeroẖam], 25.x.2010, Y. Zvik (1♀); 5.vi.2013, Y. Zvik, on Dodonaea viscosa, (5 first instars, 3 second instars, 6♂, 17♀); 16.vi.2013, Y. Zvik, on Dodonaea viscosa (6 third instars, 5 fourth instars, 38 fifth instars, 15♂, 6♀); Southern Negev: Elat, 17.vi.2002, Y. Shlezinger (1♀); 19.vi.2007, Y. Blumenfeld (2♀).Figs 8, 9: Eggs of Deroplax silphoides: (8) egg mass, 8 days (in vitro); (9) egg mass on a fruit capsule at time of hatching.Figs 10, 11: Deroplax silphoides, nymphs (10) and adult (11) on Dodonaea viscosa.10 ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, VOL. 44 & 45, 2015Distribution: Oriental Region (Ahmad et al. 1988; Scott 1990); Palearctic Region (Ahmad et al. 1988; Iranipour et al. 2010; Göllner­Scheiding 2006; Carapezza 2009); Afrotropical Region (Schouteden 1903; Kirkaldy 1909, Göllner­Scheiding 2006; Carapezza 2009). In Israel, the species occurs in the Northern Negev (Be'er Sheva'), Central Negev (Yeroham), and Southern Negev (Elat) (Fig. 12). Host plant in Israel: Dodonaea viscosa Jacquin (Sapindaceae) (Figs 10, 11).Biology: In Israel, Deroplax silphoides has been observed feeding exclusively on Dodonaea viscosa. The species has been found in October and May–June, being more abundant in June, thus suggesting two generations per year. Newly hatched nymphs stay around the egg mass, apparently without feeding, until they molt into the second instar. Third to fifth instars aggregate around immature and ripe Figs 12: Collection localities of Deroplax silphoides plotted over distribution of major Dodonaea vis-cosa plantations (green) in Israel. (Modified from http://www.wildflowers.co.il) noVoselsKy ET AL.: DEROPLAx SILPHOIDES, A NEW PLANT PEST IN ISRAEL 11seeds (Figs 10, 11). Adults and second to fifth instars feed on seeds and move among branches and leaves. When disturbed, they usually stay firmly attached to the plant. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors thank our TAUI colleagues Dr. Netta Dorchin for constructive criticism on an early draft of the manuscript, Ariel­Leib­Leonid (Laibale) Friedman for his assistance with the locality names and Tirza Stern for technical help. 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Deroplax silphoides (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae): A new plant pest in Israel

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Deroplax silphoides (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Scutelleridae): A new plant pest in Israel

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