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Research Papers in Economics

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RESEARCH  AIMED  AT  EXPLANING  THE  RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
URBAN  PLANNING  AND  SOCIAL FACILITIES OF  SOME MAJOR  CITIES
IN TURKEY
dLIWoL￿ dLøGHP
*
Department of city and regional planning,University of Selçuk, Faculty of engineering and architect,
42031 - campus / Konya / Turkey (e-mail :cigdemci@superonline.com)    Fax: (+90)-332-241-0635,
(+90)-332-241-0106
Abstract. The subject of this research is relations between urban
SODQQLQJ DQG VRFLDO HTXLSPHQWV RI PDMRU FLWLHV DW ZKHUH ’L\DUEDN￿U￿
Erzurum, Gaziantep, Kayseri and Konya. Urbanization, industrialization and related
events in contemporary societies affect badly upon physical development of urban
settlements. In fact, it is necessary to observe  systematically all the events related to the
spatial growth, to get data based upon field studies and to fix urban strategy through
central and local programmes of implementation, in order to prepare development plans
for urban settlements. All of these factors concerning of urban planning are checked by
social quipments. This point of view is fundamental for each sectoral growth and
zoning. It covers those areas including commercial, social, industrial, cultural, health,
education and recreational activities. But this case  include it  serving by the state. So
this study is defined a case of Turkey as a developing country. Planning problems
concerning social equipments will be classified and to search thorougly.
1. Introduction
The subject of this research is the relationship between urban planning and social
facilities of some major cities in Turkey VXFK DV ’L\DUEDN￿U￿ (U]XUXP￿
Gaziantep, Kayseri and Konya.  Tecnicques of observation and inquiry
in the sampling areas were the methods used in this resarch. According
to the last census the number of major cities in Turkey is 15 [Table1 ].
Table 1.The information of population concerning major cities in Turkey  [Die, 1996].
Number of
the group Population (000) Population
frequency
The equivalent of groups in names Population of chosen
sample city-in turn
(1990)
1 500 - 1000 3 Erzurum￿ (VNL￿HKLU￿ Kayseri 848 201,    943 484
2 1000 - 1500 6 Antalya, ’L\DUEDN￿U, Gaziantep￿ œoHO￿
œ]PLW￿ 6DPVXQ
1 094 996 , 1 140 594
3 1500 - 2000 2 Bursa, Konya 1 750 303
4 2000 - 2500 ¾¾ ¾¾ ¾¾
5 2500 - 3000 2 œ]PLU￿ $GDQD ¾¾
6 3000 - 3500 1 Ankara ¾¾
7 3500  > 1 œVWDQbul ¾¾
* The major cities which is underlined its named are chosen as sampling areas.
                                                       
* , :RXOG OLNH WR WKDQN P\ VXSHUYLVRU RI 3+ GHJUHH WKHVLV 3URI￿ ’U￿ $\WHQ d(7œ1(5￿iii
  The table 1 is shown that seven population groups. 5-6 and 7. groups of them are
metropolises. The rest of groups are major cities. It has been selected at least two major
cities from each group exept for the group of the metropolises as sample areas.
2. Urban Planning and Social Facilities in Turkey
In accordance with Construction Law in our country, the urban planning system can be
divided into two categories [Figure 1].   One of them is the upper scaled planning which
consists of national development plans and regional plans. Today although  national
development plans have been made in every five years, regional plans have not been
made yet.  While this deficiency is the cause of the irrational use of national resources
in the development process, it is also the  reason for the lack of success in site
organization. Other category in the planning system is lower scaled planning which
comprises of different scaled physical plans.  These plans provide  regular distributed
social facilities and were hierarchy of urban settlements. The conditions of facilities can
be considered as one of the main tenets in urban planning studies. This point of view is
fundamental to growth and development in every sector and zoning plan. Social
facilities cover those areas including educational, administrative, social, public health,
cultural and recreational activities, which serve residential areas.
Social equipment facilities should be adjusted in accordance with the population growth
in respect of economic and social growth and social welfare. The successful use of these
facilities depend on  healthy city planning . Today there are many problems in health
city planning. These problems can be classified as follows:
1.  Problems at the preparatory stage of construction plans,
2.  Problems at the approval stage of construction plans,
3.  Problems at the application stage of construction plans.
These problems of development plans affect the distribution of social facilities. These
affects have been examined in ’L\DUEDN￿U￿ (U]XUXP￿ *D]LDQWHS￿ .D\VHUL DQG
Konya municipalities. One of  the problems that stage of preparing
development plan should have done social and economic analysis in
each settlements. The other problem is connected with location of
facilities. Generally they located private property instead of public property. It is
needed nationalized process. This way is the most expensive to build social facilities. If
amount of social facilities in each sample cities has been compared with the optimal size
as to the Construction Law 3194, educational, public health, social, cultural andiv
recreational places is not sufficient for theirs needs exept for administrative place. As
sample cities are central of under zone in Turkey,  they have got upper administrative
facility [ t test for paired samples is done between amount  of existing facilities and
amount of optimal facilities as to 3194 ], [Çiftçi, 1999].
This social facilities data has been compared with the optimal sizes as to the
Construction Law 3194. In the second stage, the degree of equipment facilities,
according to projected population in the last plan, have been given. This data has been
compared with the degree of equipment facilities calculated according to projection
population. As a FRQFOXV￿RQ RI WKLV WHVW￿ WKLV SURFHVV UXQ QRUPDOO\>dLIWoL￿
1999] .
Stages of approving and application of the development plan are examined at the third
stage in the sample cities. It is shown that municipalities had done a lot of changes in
plans. This changing of plans has badly effected the social facilities as the changes are
generally done with recreational, educational, administrative, social, cultural and public
health facilities. In accordance with these changingconditions, the social facilities in the
plans should have been increasedin line with the growing population [Table 2].
3. Conclusions and suggestions
Consequently social equipment planning has a lot of problems. These problems could
be classified as follows:
Problems at the preparatory stage of construction plans;
·  In making every new plan, the former plan decisions are not taken into account,
·  Construction Law 3194 does not take into consideration standards of social facilities
in urban planning according to local characteristics of each settlement; social,
economic, cultural etc.
·  None of the major cities that were sampled, come up to ideal facilities standard
Problems at the approval stage of construction plans
·  There is a chaos in the authorities during the approval of changing plans between
the mayor and municipal councils.
·  Municipal councils approving plans are not experienced  and are ill informed in this
field.
·  Municipal councils are manipulated by political pressures.ii
Regulator  of national park
development plans
Conservation of culture
values development plans
Touism development plans
Regulator of villages
development plans
Conversation of national
values development plans
Regional plans Upper scaled physical plans Lower scaled physical plans
Upgrading development
plans
Physical plans of private
purpose
Socio-economic plans. Physical plans
The planning system as to the law of public
improvements inTurkey
The other main plans National development plans
Addition development
plans
Locality development plans
Revision development
plans
City plans of application
Regulator city plans
Regulator city plans for
healty environment
Regulator city plans for
metropoliten areas
Figure .1  Hierarchy  of  development plans as to the construction
legistlations in Turkey [ÜNAL, 1995]ii
Problems at the application stage of construction plans
·  There are a lot of plan changes which effect optimum social facilities in a negative
way,
·  Plan changes are made in the favour of individuals,
·  Decisions made in urban planning have resulted in an increase in mosques,
commercial and residential areas to reduce the most important other social
facilities, although these were adequate
Table 2. The amount of changed plans was connected with social
IDFLOLWLHV ￿ D SHULRG RI ￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿ ￿￿ >’L\DUEDN￿U￿(U]XUXP￿*D]LDQWep-
Kayseri-Konya, 1998]
The last function
SOCIO-
CULTURAL
REKREASYON
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.EDUCATION 1 --2-- -4 - 6
ADMINISTRATION 1 2 -1 1 1-7 1 1 2
SOCIO-CULTURAL -- - --1-1 - 2
RELIGIOUS -- - - - - - 171
HEALTH -- - -- 1-1 - 2
GREEN PLACE 23 1 711 1 1 31 94 7
SPORT -- - 1-- - --1
HOUSE+COMMERCI
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INDUSTRY
64 1 735 -140 -2 6
THE OTHER -1 - 2-- - -1 3
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TOTAL 9 8 2 20 5 8 1 27 20 100
The numbers of the pointed diagonal are added total worth (105+140+158=403 total worth of the changed
plans. 105 of these changing are directly connected with social facilities, the rest of them are also
indirectly connected with them)iii
·  During the application of construction, construction programs are not used by
municipalities. This leads to the facilities distrubution contrary to the plans,
·  It is prefered to locate social facilities in places where individuals benefit from the
public.
Suggestions
As a conclusion of this research, to regulate optimum social equipment and to be
successful in planning studies in major municipalities the following is necessary:
￿  Newly standardized social equipment must be developed according to the local
social-economic, geographic and cultural features.
￿  Plan reports must include an explanation of data of the number and area of social
equipment in order to control plans quickly.
￿  The construction councilors must be elected from among the permanent personnel
of major municipalities,
￿  Municipalities must regulate the planning system as to the Law of Public Regulation
in Turkey.
￿  Social equipment facilities must be located according to the construction plans in
application.
￿  Public participation must be provided at the preparation, approving and application
stage of plan.
 Reference
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SODQQLQJ DQG VRFLDO IDFLOLWLHV RI VRPH PDMRU FLWLHV LQ 7XUNH\ ￿ 3+ ’(*5(( 7+(6œ6￿
œVWDQEXO 7HFKQLFDO 8QLYHUVLW\￿ &LW\ DQG 5HJLRQDO 3ODQQLQJ ’HSDUWPHQW ￿
œVWDQEXO￿7XUNH\￿￿￿￿￿￿
2.  ’œ(￿7￿UNL\H 1￿IXVX￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿￿ ’HPRJUDILN \DS￿V￿ YH JHOL￿LPL￿ \D\￿Q QR￿￿￿￿￿￿
Ankara, 1996.
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’RN￿PDQ 7DUDPDODU￿￿’L\DUEDN￿U￿7XUNH\￿￿￿￿￿￿
4.  (U]XUXP %￿\￿N￿HKLU %HOHGL\HVL <D]￿ œ￿OHUL YH .DUDUODU ’DLUHVL %D￿NDQO￿ø￿
’RN￿PDQ 7DUDPDODU￿￿ (U]XUXP ￿7XUNH\￿￿￿￿￿￿
5.  *D]LDQWHS %￿\￿N￿HKLU %HOHGL\HVL <D]￿ œ￿OHUL YH .DUDUODU ’DLUHVL %D￿NDQO￿ø￿
’RN￿PDQ 7DUDPDODU￿￿ *D]LDQWHS￿ 7XUNH\￿￿￿￿￿￿
6.  .D\VHUL %￿\￿N￿HKLU %HOHGL\HVL <D]￿ œ￿OHUL YH .DUDUODU ’DLUHVL %D￿NDQO￿ø￿ ’RN￿PDQ
7DUDPDODU￿￿ .D\VHUL￿7XUNH\￿￿￿￿￿￿
7.  .RQ\D %￿\￿N￿HKLU %HOHGL\HVL <D]￿ œ￿OHUL YH .DUDUODU ’DLUHVL %D￿NDQO￿ø￿ ’RN￿PDQ
7DUDPDODU￿￿ .RQ\D ￿7XUNH\￿￿￿￿￿￿
8.  ÜNAL, Yücel, “.HQWOH￿PH YH .HQWOLOH￿PH 3ROLWLNDODU￿”, TÜSES, Türkiye Sosyal
(NRQRPLN $UD￿W￿UPD 9DNI￿￿ œVWDnbul, 1995.

RESEARCH AIMED AT EXPLANING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBAN PLANNING AND SOCIAL FACILITIES OF SOME MAJOR CITIES IN TURKEY

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RESEARCH AIMED AT EXPLANING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URBAN PLANNING AND SOCIAL FACILITIES OF SOME MAJOR CITIES IN TURKEY

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