Inventario de las pesquerías españolas en el área CECAF. Descripción de la pesquería española de arrastre demersal de merluza negra en aguas de Senegal, 2011: visión general, localización, actividad pesquera (área de pesca, recursos explotados, especies objetivo, especies acompañantes, tipo de barco, segmento de flota, estacionalidad, duración de las mareas, puertos e indicadores de la pesquería), uso y mercados, gestión (marco jurisdiccional, régimen de gestión), estado y tendencias y fuentes de información

FAO CECAF Scientific Committee (FAO CECAF- SC)

Fernández-Peralta, L. (Lourdes)

García-Isarch, E. (Eva)

English

FAO CECAF Scientific Committee

García-Isarch, Eva

Fernández-Peralta, Lourdes

Digital.CSIC

CECAF Fisheries Reports 2011. Spain Bottom trawl black hake fishery - Senegalese waters, 2011

Repositorio Institucional Digital del IEO

  Fishery Resources Monitoring SystemFishery  Fact SheetCECAF Fisheries Reports 2011Spain Bottom trawl black hake fishery - Senegalesewaters, 2011Chalutiers Espagnols de Pêche démersale au merlus noirFishery life cycle This fishery terminated on 2006.Overview: This was a very selective fishery that especially targeted black hakes (M. polli and M.senegalensis), which constituted very high proportion of the landings (Fernández et al., 2004; Diop et al.,2004), that oscillated between 78-99% of total landings. Both species appeared mixed in landings, due totheir external similarity, being registered as Merluccius spp. However, as most of the fishery was carriedout at very deep waters and in the southern distribution zone of M. senegalensis (which has a shallowerdistribution), most landings corresponded to M. polli. The fishery had a seasonal activity, operatingduring the periods when both species were most abundant, mainly between September and April, beingNovember and March the months with the highest activity. Freezing was allowed since the Agreement of1992. However, for commercial reasons, this was a typical wet-fish activity and freezing practicallydisappeared in 2000. The fleet evolved to smaller and more efficient vessels, which constituted more thana half of the fleet in 2001. The Spanish fleet left the Senegalese fishing ground in December 2005, beforethe end of the last Fishing Agreement in June 2006.Location of Spain Bottom trawl black hake fishery -Senegalese watersMain layersFAO areas and their sub-divisionsEEZAssociated layersAPPROACH: FISHING ACTIVITYFishing ActivityBottom otter trawls: Commercial;Industrial: Senegal; Atlantic, East …: From September …Harvested ResourceSenegalese hake; BenguelahakeJohn dory; Dogfish sharks,etc. nei; West African geryon …   Means of ProductionStern trawlers wet-fishData OwnershipThis document provided, maintained and owned by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) , is part ofCECAF Fisheries Reports - Spain data collection.5000 km2000 nmiFishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)Geographic referenceIntersecting layersIntersecting: FAO major fishing areasBase layers200 nautical miles arcsGeographic reference:  SpainSpatial Scale: NationalFishery Indicators: Number of vessels: Number of fishermen: Landing Volume TotalTable of ContentsOverview -  Fishery History - Fishing Activity - Post Harvest - Management - Source of InformationHistory Spanish black hake fishery in North West African waters has been carried out since the decade of the ‘50s.At the beginning, the fleet was composed of side trawlers (called “bous”), mainly from Andalucía (SIberian Peninsula). These trawlers were progressively extending their action ratio in their search for blackhakes, finally reaching the Senegalese waters. First, these were fishing grounds of free access for theSpanish fisheries but from 1979 onwards, with the enforcement of the Law of the Sea, the Spanish fleetshave been managed by fishing agreements between the Senegal and either Spanish or EUAdministrations. There have been some periods with no fishery since 1988, when the first fisheryagreement with the EU was signed. This was due to the absence of agreements during the negotiationperiods before the renewal of the successive protocols.Fishing ActivityType of production system: Commercial; Industrial   Fishery AreaClimatic zone: Temperate; Tropical.   Depth zone: Slope (200 m - 1000 m).   Horizontal distribution: Neritic.  Vertical distribution: Demersal/Benthic.  Geo References for: SenegalSenegalExclusive Economic Zone Areas (EEZ) SEN - SenegalFAO Fishing Statistical Subdivisions 34.3.12 - Atlantic, East central / 34.3.12More Geo ReferencesThe following area codes have been found as intersecting the location of Spain Bottom trawl blackhake fishery - Senegalese watersFAO Major Fishing Areas 34 - Atlantic, Eastern CentralLarge Marine Ecosystem Areas (LME) 27 - Canary Current28 - Guinea CurrentThe Senegalese EEZ is dominated by several cyclonic gyres, including the Guinea Dome at 10ºN,20ºW, driven by the North Equatorial Counter Current (Tomczak and Godfrey, 1994). Because theFishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)cyclonic rotation induces upwelling (doming of the thermocline), these features are more productivethan the surrounding waters. The productivity of the Senegalese waters is high during winter, as a resultof river run-off after the rainy season, localized upwelling, and cyclonic eddies retaining productivewaters. Around May, the hydrographic conditions off Senegal become less favorable, with SST risingtowards ca. 25ºC, stratification of surface water, and decreasing food availability (Zeeberg et al., 2008).The upwelling starts on the Senegalese continental shelf inducted by trade winds from November toJanuary. Then, it extends from the North to the South coast, with a maximal intensity in March-April.Along the North coast, the upwelling localizes around Saint Louis, being extremely coastal and withmaximal intensity in December-March. This marked seasonality of upwellings and the latitudinaldisplacement through the Mauritanian and Senegalese coasts produce important changes in the structureof the biological communities. In short periods (weeks), the system can alternate from a warmequatorial phase to a cold subtropical phase, this deriving in an alternated dominance between tropicaland templates communities (Meiners, 2007).Resources ExploitedSenegal hake, Benguela hake - Mauritania, Senegal and GambiaWest African geryon - Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal and GambiaOther resources: Stocks of John dory, anglers, sharks and scorpionfishes.Target SpeciesMerluccius senegalensisFAO Names : en - Senegalese hake, fr - Merlu du Sénégal, es - Merluza del Senegal, ru - МерлузасинегальскаяMerluccius polliFAO Names : en - Benguela hake, fr - Merlu d'Afrique tropicale, es - Merluza de Benguela, ru - Мерлуза бенгальскаяAdults and juvenilesAssociated Species (Bycatch)Zeus faberFAO Names : en - John dory, fr - Saint Pierre, es - Pez de San Pedro, ru - Солнечник обыкновенныйSqualiformesFAO Names : en - Dogfish sharks, etc. nei, fr - Squaliformes nca, es - Squaliformes nepChaceon maritaeFAO Names : en - West African geryon, fr - Géryon ouest-africain, es - Gerión de GuineaScorpaenidaeFAO Names : en - Scorpionfishes nei, fr - Rascasses, etc. nca, es - Rascacios, gallinetas nep, ru - СкорпеновыеAdults and juvenilesDiscarded Species (Bycatch)Lophius vaillantiFAO Names : en - Shortspine African angler, fr - Baudroie africaine, es - Rape africano, ar - ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ  ﻋﻔﺮﻳﺖﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ , zh - 短鳍鮟鱇LithodidaeFishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)FAO Names : en - King crabs, stone crabs nei, fr - Crabes royaux, etc. nca, es - Centollas, centollonesnep, ru - КрабоидовыеTodarodes sagittatusFAO Names : en - European flying squid, fr - Toutenon commun, es - Pota europeaTodaropsis eblanaeFAO Names : en - Lesser flying squid, fr - Toutenon souffleur, es - Pota costera, ar - ﻃﺎﺋﺮ  ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮ  ﺍﻷﺫﺭﻉ  ﺫﻭﺃﺩﻧﻰ , zh - 小柔鱼Trachyrincus scabrusFAO Names : en - Roughsnout grenadier, ru - ЖесткокрылNezumia sppFAO Names : nullCoelorinchus caelorhincusFAO Names : en - Hollowsnout grenadier, fr - Grenadier raton, es - Granadero tristónMalacocephalus laevisFAO Names : en - Softhead grenadierMalacocephalus occidentalesMunida sppFAO Names : nullCommercial fish species as Lophius vaillanti, some species of sharks, rays and Scorpenidae (amongother fishes). Crustaceans belonging to the family Lithodidae; and small quantities (in weigth) ofcephalopods as the flying squids Todarodes sagittatus and Todaropsis eblanae). The most abundant noncommercial species are fishes belonging to the Family Macrouridae (Trachyrincus scabrus, Nezumiaspp, Coelorinchus caelorhincus, Malacocephalus laevis, M. occidentales, among others) andcrustaceans of the Family Galatheidae (Munida spp). Juveniles (commercial species) or unspecified (other species)Related Fisheries - Fishery(ies) switching activity seasonally or targeting thesame stockSpain Bottom wet fish trawlers black hake fishery - Mauritanian watersSpain Longliners black hake fishery - Mauritanian watersSpain Bottom wet fish trawler black hake fishery - Moroccan Atlantic coast waters, South 29°NVessel TypeStern trawlers wet-fishFlag StateSpainAverage characteristics of these vessels during the period 1996-2005 were 283 GRT, 943 h.p and 36 mlength.Catch Handling and Processing EquipmentPreservation in ice and freezing (disappeared in 2000)Crew16-18 persons (Spanish and Mauritanian nationalities) (2009)Fishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)Fleet segmentBottom otter trawl for demersal fish with 70 mm minimum meshAt the beginning, the fleet was composed of side trawlers called “bous”. These were mainly based inthe Port of Cádiz (S Iberian Peninsula), which constitutes the traditional main market for landing andcommercialization of these species. Through the years, this old fleet was scrapped, being graduallysubstituted by more modern vessels that were constructed in 2000. These new vessels were mainlybased in Marin, La Coruña (in Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula) and Las Palmas (Canary Islands).Fishing GearBottom otter trawlsThis gear operates with polyvalent trawl doors. The net is constructed in conventional polyethylene,with thread thickness of 3-4 mm, being very elastic and very resistant to abrasion. The mesh size is 80mm, excepting the cod-end, which is 70 mm and has rhombic-shape.SeasonalityFrom September to AprilTrip Duration8 fishing daysPortsCádiz (S Iberian Peninsula), Marín, La Coruña (Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula) and Las Palmas(Canary Islands).Fishery IndicatorsType Measure Value Unit Time periodNominal Effort Number of vessels 2 vessels 2005Participation Number of fishermen 32-46 persons 2009Production Landing Volume Total 1065 tonnes 2002-2005Landing Volume Merluccius spp. 1038 tonnes 2002-2005Post Harvest Fish UtilisationConsumptionMarketsCádiz (Spain)Fishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)ManagementManagement unit: NoJurisdictional frameworkManagement Body/Authority(ies): Ministère de l’Economie Maritime des TransportsMaritimes de la Pêche et de la PiscicultureMandate: Management.  Area under national jurisdiction: SenegalMaritime Area: Exclusive Economic Zone Areas (EEZ).  Management Body/Authority(ies): European UnionMandate: Flag state responsibility for its fishing vessels operating in foreign area under nationaljurisdiction.  Area under national jurisdiction: SenegalMaritime Area: Exclusive Economic Zone Areas (EEZ).  Management RegimeCouncil Regulation (EC) No 2323/2002 of 16 December 2002 on the conclusion of the Protocol settingout the fishing opportunities and the financial contribution provided for by the Agreement between theEuropean Economic Community and the Government of the Republic of Senegal on fishing off thecoast of Senegal for the period from 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2006 (OJ L 349, 24.12.2002, p. 46–65).Management measures of the Spanish bottom trawl black hake fishery in Senegalese waters wereincluded in the Fisheries Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Senegal.After the end of the last Agreement (OJ L 349, 24.12.2002, p. 46–65) the Spanish fisheries inSenegalese waters were closed. Management measures described below are those included in this lastFishery Agreement.Management MethodsConservation and management measures with focus on Effort control (licences system) andcatch controlAquatic species-related measuresLimitation of by-catches: 7% crustaceans and 7% cephalopods (last Fishery Agreement).Prohibition of catches of Cetorhinus maximus (bashin shark/pèlerin), Carcharodon carcharias(great white shark/grand requin blanc), Carcharias taurus (sand tiger shark/requin taureau) andGaleorhinus galeus (tope shark/requin-hâ).Gear-related measuresGear type (doubling of the cod-end prohibited, doubling of the twine forming the cod-endprohibited) and mesh size (minimum 70 mm).Vessel-related measuresAccess control: Vessel size (Maximum 3 000 GRT/month as annual average for bothlongliners and bottom trawlers under the fishing category “Deep sea demersal bottom trawland longline fishery, with no landings in Senegal”).Fishing activity-related measuresFishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)Licences; Vessel number (maximum 3 000 GRT/month as annual average for both longlinersand bottom trawlers under the fishing category “Deep sea demersal bottom trawl and longlinefishery, with no landings in Senegal”), closed area (out of the fishing area established by theAgreement) and closed season (Two months: May-June).Related Fisheries - Fishing activity(ies) managed under the same managementunit or being ruled by the same fishing agreementSpain Bottom trawl octopus and cuttlefish fishery - Senegalese watersSpain Freezer bottom trawl shrimp fishery - Senegalese watersMore information on fisheries legislation at: FAOLEX legislative databaseSource of Information Cervantes, A. y R. Goñi, 1986a. Datos de base de la pesquería española de merluza negra senegalesa enlas divisiones 34.1.1, 34.1.3 y 34.3.1 de CECAF. En: Rapport du premier groupe de travail spécial sur lespêcheries de merlus et de crevettes profondes dans la zone nord du COPACE. COPACE/PACE Sér.,86/33, 180-186. FAO, Roma, Italia. NUEVO.Cervantes, A. y R. Goñi, 1986b. Composición por tallas de la captura española de merluza senegalesa(Merluccius senegalensis Cadenat 1950) y merluza negra (Merluccius cadenati Doutre, 1960) en el área deCECAF, año 1982. En: Rapport du premier groupe de travail spécial sur les pêcheries de merlus et decrevettes profondes dans la zone nord du COPACE. COPACE/PACE Sér., 86/33, 232-239. FAO, Roma,Italia. NUEVO.FAO, 2006a. Report of the FAO/CECAF Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal resources.Conakry, 19-29 September 2003. CECAF/ECAF Series 06/67. FAO. Rome: 357 pp.FAO, 2006. Report of the FAO/CECAF Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal resources.Subgroup North. Saly, Senegal, 14-23 September 2004. CECAF/ECAF Series 06/68. FAO. Rome: 219pp.FAO, 2007. Report of the FAO/CECAF Working Group on the Assessment of Demersal resources.Subgroup North. Banjul, The Gambia. CECAF/ECAF Series. FAO. Roma (in press).Fernández-Peralta, L. 2009. Pêcherie des merlus du Senegal. Informe Técnico. Banco Mundial, Agenciade Cooperación Francesa y Agencia de Cooperación Española y Desarrollo (AECID), Dakar (Senegal).Octubre de 2009, 50 pp.Fernández, L., B. Meissa, D. Thiao et A. Ramos, 2007. Rapport de la rencontre IMROP/CRODT/IEOpour la validation des statistiques de merlus noirs dans la zone COPACE. Série CECAF/ECAF, in press.Anexo, 25 pp.Meiners, C. 2007. Importancia de la variabilidad climática en las pesquerías y biología de la merluzaeuropea Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) de la costa Noroccidental Africana. Tesis Doctoral, 187pp. IEO-Univ. Politécnica de Cataluña.Meiners, C, L. Fernández, A. Faraj and R. García-Cancela, 2010. Length-weight relationships of 12 deep-sea teleost fish species from the NW African slope. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. In press.Meiners, C., L. Fernández, F. Salmerón and C. Hernández, 2010. Some biological parameters of deep-seashark species from NW Africa. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. In press.Meiners, C., L. Fernández, F. Salmerón and A. Ramos, 2010. Climate variability and fisheries of blackhakes (M. polli and M. senegalensis) in NW Africa: a first approach. Monográfico de Elsevier-Journal ofFishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)Marine System, 80: 243-247.Official Journal of the European Union, 2002. Protocol setting out fishing possibilities and the financialcompensations established by the Agreement between the European Economic Community and theGovernment of the Republic of Senegal on fishing in off the coast of Senegal for the period from 1 July2002 to 30 June 2006. OJ L 349, 24.12.2002, p. 46–65.Ramos, A. and L. Fernández. 1994. Las pesquerías de merluzas en los caladeros de África Noroccidental:Datos de base del año 1991. Inf. Téc. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., 153: 132 pp. Madrid, España.Ramos, A. and L. Fernández. 1995. Biology and fisheries of North-west African hakes (M. merluccius,M. senegalensis and M. polli). In: J. Alheit and T. Pitcher (eds.). Hake: Biology, fisheries and marketsSeries 15: 89-124. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.Tomczak, M. and J. S. Godfrey, 1994. Regional Oceanography: an Introduction. Pergamon, Oxford, 442pp.Zeeberg ,J., A. Corten , P. Tjoe-Awie, J. Cocab and B. Hamadyc, 2008. Climate modulates the effects ofSardinella aurita fisheries off Northwest Africa. Fisheries Research 89: 65–75.Fishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS)

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CECAF Fisheries Reports 2011. Spain Bottom trawl black hake fishery - Senegalese waters, 2011

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