Alexandra Gînguță

Kovács Bence

Maróti Zoltán

Maár Kitti

Neparáczki Endre

Nyerki Emil

Schütz Oszkár

Tihanyi Balázs

Török Tibor

Varga Gergely István

English

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THE SARMATIANS AND THE OTHERS: NOMADIC AND SEDENTARY CULTURES  IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE  IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1ST MILLENNIUM ADPONTICA ET MEDITERRANEAVol. XIEditorial Board:Victor Cojocaru (editor-in-chief)Vitalie Bârcă, Lavinia Grumeza, Joachim Hupe, Valentina Mordvintseva, Ligia Ruscu, and Cristina I. Tica The Sarmatians  and the Others Nomadic and Sedentary Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe in the First Half  of the 1st Millennium AD Editors:Lavinia Grumeza, Victor Cojocaru, Cristina I. TicaMEGACluj‑Napoca2024DTP and cover: Francisc BajaDescrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a RomânieiThe Sarmatians and the Others: nomadic and sedentary cultures in Central and Eastern Europe in the First Half of the 1st Millennium AD / ed.: Lavinia Grumeza, Victor Cojocaru, Cristina I. Tica. – Cluj‑Napoca: Mega, 2024Conţine bibliografieIndexISBN 978‑606‑020‑783‑2I. Grumeza, Lavinia (ed.)II. Cojocaru, Victor (ed.)III. Tica, Cristina I. (ed.)902© Editors, 2024Cover image: Phalera from Cazaclia © National History Museum of Moldova,  photo Iurie Foca (Concept Lavinia Grumeza & Denis Topal)Editura Mega | www.edituramega.roe‑mail: mega@edituramega.roThe Proceedings of the International Conference The Sarmatians and the Others: Nomadic and Sedentary Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe in the First Half of the 1st Millennium AD, organized by the Banat National Museum and Institute of Archaeology in Iaşi from June 29 to July 2, 2022, with support from the Timiș County CouncilContentsPreface 7Note on Abbreviations 21Contributors 23I. STATE OF THE ART  AND PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH DIRECTIONSValentina Mordvintseva Elite Burials in Northern Black Sea Barbaricum from 3rd Century BC to mid-3rd Century AD: Summary of Comparative Network Analysis 31Liana Oța Some Thoughts on the Sarmatian Discoveries from Wallachia and Moldavia 45Stanko TrifunovićArchaeological Culture of the Limigantes 87Jelena Đorđević, Vojislav ĐorđevićThe Horizons of the Settlement Ciglana in Dolovo and the Chronology  of the Roman and Late Roman Period in Banat 133II. NEW DISCOVERIES AND NEW INTERPRETATIONSMikhail TreisterBronze Strainers of Eggers 160/Petrovszky X.6 Type from the Burials of the Nomads of Asian Sarmatia 173Denis Topal, Valeriu BubuliciJade gé Hilt (格) from Southern Bessarabia and Sword Elements outside  the Han Empire 205Eszter Istvánovits, Valéria Kulcsár, Martin BorsódiData on the Sarmatian Agriculture of the Great Hungarian Plain 219Éva Szakos, Andrea VadayNotes on the So-Called Sarmatian Buckles and Strap Ends 233Tamás SzebenyiImitations of Roman Vessels in the Barbaricum: A Case Study on Red Painted Sarmatian Pottery 269Robert Gindele, Vitalie BârcăHandmade Cups and Shallow Bowls in the ‘Free Dacians’ Settlement of Arad  (Site B_06) 301III. LITERARY SOURCES AND EPIGRAPHYAgustí Alemany From the Sarmatians to the Alans and Beyond: Some Source Problems 331Victor CojocaruThe Northern Black Sea Sarmatians in Epigraphic Sources 353IV. (BIO)ANTHROPOLOGY AND GENETICSLavinia GrumezaSarmatians with Artificial Cranial Modifications from East of the Carpathians 403Cristina I. Tica, Tamás Hajdu, Orsolya Mateovics-László,  István János, Sándor ÉvingerLife in the Barbaricum: A Bioarchaeology of the Sarmatians on the Fringes  of the Roman World 431Oszkár Schütz, Zoltán Maróti, Endre Neparáczki, Balázs Tihanyi, Bence Kovács, Kitti Maár, Gergely Varga, Alexandra Gînguță, Emil Nyerki, Tibor TörökPreliminary Genetic Results on the Sarmatians from the Carpathian Basin 473Indices 4831. Literary Sources 4832. Inscriptions 4843. Proper Names 486473Preliminary Genetic Results on the Sarmatians from the Carpathian BasinOszkár Schütz, Zoltán Maróti, Endre Neparáczki,  Balázs Tihanyi, Bence Kovács, Kitti Maár, Gergely Varga, Alexandra Gînguță, Emil Nyerki, Tibor TörökAbstract: The Sarmatians first appeared on the Great Hungarian Plain in the first half of the 1st century,1 and in the following centuries they gradually occupied the territories east of the Danube Limes. The archaeological record shows that the popu-lation of the Great Hungarian Plain increased significantly during this period. The authors therefore hypothesise that the Sarmatian period had a significant impact on the population history of the Carpathian Basin. However, no population genetic study has yet focused specifically on this important period in European history. To fill this gap, the authors generated 44 whole-genome sequences from bone samples dated to the Sarmatian period. They used statistical methods to compare these Sar-matian genomes with previously published ancient human genomes to determine their relationship to well-defined ancient populations.Schütz et aliiIntroductionThe Iranian-speaking Sarmatian tribes had a great impact on the his-tory of the East-European steppe region for almost a thousand years as they claimed the territories of the Scythians with whom they had close connections.2 During their expansion and westward migration, the first groups arrived in the Carpathian Basin in the 1st century. In the following centuries, at least two more waves of migration can be distinguished, with the Sarmatians occupying the territories of the Great Hungarian Plain.3 They lost their power with the expansion of the Huns in the 4th–5th centu-ries. Due to the small number of burials in the archaeological material, the 1 Ancient dates are AD except where labelled BC.2 Kulcsár 2018, 130.3 Istvánovits / Kulcsár 2017, 191–214.Schütz et alii474earliest period (the so-called ‘Golden Horizon’) is less well-known.4 In the later periods, a close connection with the neighbouring Germanic groups and with the Roman Empire is evident and a significant increase in the population can be observed. Furthermore, cemeteries with Sarmatian cul-tural background from the 4th–5th centuries are also known, which is an indication that the local Sarmatian population was successfully integrated by the newcomers.1. SamplesIn order to elucidate the origin of the Sarmatians of the Carpathian Basin and to describe their genetic composition, we have generated whole-genome sequences from 44 bone samples that are dated to the Sar-matian period by their burial goods. We co-analysed these samples with 17 other Sarmatian samples from the Carpathian Basin already published by G. A. Gnecchi-Ruscone and collaborators.5In our sampling we have generally tried to represent the entire Sarma-tian period of the region, so we have collected bone material from well-de-scribed cemeteries of the Early, Middle and Late Sarmatian periods. How-ever, because the skeletal remains of Sarmatians excavated in Hungary are systematically poorly preserved, we had to include samples with rela-tively little background information in order to obtain the proper number of samples for population genetic analysis (Tab. 1).2. ResultsTo identify the underlying genetic structure of our data, we used the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The analysis transforms the origi-nal data and finds new synthetic variables describing the highest genetic variation between the individuals under study. This genetic distance can be visualised in only two dimensions, which makes it easy for us to understand.6 Fig. 1 shows Sarmatian samples from the Carpathian Basin together with Sarmatian samples from the Russian steppe. We projected these ancient genomes onto axes defined by the distribution of 1397 modern Eurasian individuals. Thus, Fig. 1 illustrates that the samples studied form a cluster among modern Europeans and are positioned somewhat further ‘west’ from the Russian Sarmatians. However, there are also samples with a clear affinity to the Steppe Sarmatians, as evidenced by their intermediate 4 Kulcsár 2018, 132f.5 Gnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022.6 Published in Patterson et al. 2012.Preliminary Genetic Results on the Sarmatians from the Carpathian Basin475Tab. 1. Data of the analysed samples. The samples sequenced by our group are highlighted in blue; the published samples from gnecchi-ruScOne et al. 2022 are highlighted in green.IDGraveyard Period G_sexIDGraveyardPeriod G_sexMDH-162Madaras – Halmok2nd-3rd c.XXMIJ-4Makó – Igási Járandóuncertain (pos. 2nd-3rd c.)XXMDH-209Madaras – Halmok2nd-3rd c.XXMIJ-7Makó – Igási Járandóuncertain (pos. 2nd-3rd c.)XXMDH-342Madaras – Halmok2nd-3rd c.XXRAK-115Budapest XVII. Rákoscsabauncertain (pos. 2nd-4th c.)XXOFU-138Óföldeák – Ürmös II M43 10. lh4th-5th c. XYRAK-136Budapest XVII. Rákoscsabauncertain (pos. 2nd-4th c.)XXOFU-15Óföldeák – Ürmös II M43 10. lh4th-5th c. XYRAK-211Budapest XVII. Rákoscsabauncertain (pos. 2nd-4th c.)XYOFU-168Óföldeák – Ürmös II M43 10. lh4th-5th c. XYRAK-251Budapest XVII. Rákoscsabauncertain (pos. 2nd-4th c.)XXOFU-26Óföldeák – Ürmös II M43 10. lh4th-5th c. XYKDS-121Kiskundorozsma – Subasauncertain (pos. 4th c.)XXOFU-27Óföldeák – Ürmös II M43 10. lh4th-5th c. XXKDS-138Kiskundorozsma – Subasauncertain (pos. 4th c.)XYOFU-93Óföldeák – Ürmös II M43 10. lh4th-5th c. XXKDS-148Kiskundorozsma – Subasauncertain (pos. 4th c.)XYKAP-2Kapolcs5th c. XXKDS-260Kiskundorozsma – Subasauncertain (pos. 4th c.)XYNKL-1038Nagykálló – Kis Ludas-tó dűlő5th c. XXCSO-502Csanádpalota – Országhatáruncertain (pos. late)XYNKL-899Nagykálló – Kis Ludas-tó dűlő5th c. XXCSO-507Csanádpalota – Országhatáruncertain (pos. late)XYOFU-190Óföldeák – Ürmös M43 9-10 lh.5th c. XXCSO-526Csanádpalota – Országhatáruncertain (pos. late)XXOFU-191Óföldeák – Ürmös M43 9-10 lh.5th c. XXDEK-54Derecske – Karakas dűlő3rd c.XYSchütz et alii476IDGraveyard Period G_sexIDGraveyardPeriod G_sexOFU-422Óföldeák – Ürmös M43 9-10 lh.5th c. XYHNF-18Hajdúnánás – Fürj-halom- dűlő II4th-5th c.XYPMD-564Páty – Malom – dűlő 9. lh.5th c.XXHNF-23Hajdúnánás – Fürj-halom- dűlő II4th-5th c.XXPM-5Pécs – Málom5th c.XXHNF-27Hajdúnánás – Fürj-halom- dűlő II4th-5th c.XYSZB-1Szabadszállás – Boczka tanya5th c.XYHNF-3Hajdúnánás – Fürj-halom- dűlő II4th-5th c.XXKM-1005Kecskemét – Mercedes RL 15uncertainXXHNF-36Hajdúnánás – Fürj-halom- dűlő II4th-5th c.XXKM-747Kecskemét – Mercedes RL 15uncertainXXHNF-43Hajdúnánás – Fürj-halom- dűlő II4th-5th c.XXKMD-3679Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő IuncertainXYHNF-44Hajdúnánás – Fürj-halom- dűlő II4th-5th c.XYKM-156Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő IIuncertainXXHNF-9Hajdúnánás – Fürj-halom- dűlő II4th-5th c.XXKM-199Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő IIuncertainXXKM-3810Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő 5th c.XXNKL-112Nagykálló – Kis Ludas-tó dűlőuncertainXXKM-3812Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő 5th c.XYNKL-135Nagykálló – Kis Ludas-tó dűlőuncertainXXKM-3817Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő 5th c.XYNKL-157Nagykálló – Kis Ludas-tó dűlőuncertainXXKM-3826Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő 5th c.XYNKL-7Nagykálló – Kis Ludas-tó dűlőuncertainXYKM-3829Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő 5th c.XYRBR-118Rákóczifalva – Bivaly-tóuncertainXYKM-3830Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő 5th c.XXTD-SZTiszadob – SzigetuncertainXYKM-3831Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő 5th c.XYMIJ-1Makó – Igási Járandóuncertain (pos. 2nd-3rd c.)XYKM-3836Kecskemét – Mindszenti- dűlő 5th c.XXMIJ-3Makó – Igási Járandóuncertain (pos. 2nd-3rd c.)XYPreliminary Genetic Results on the Sarmatians from the Carpathian Basin477position between these two clusters. We also found some genetic outliers that are not part of the main cluster, but contain distinct genetic compo-nents. These may give us additional clues about the relationship of the Carpathian Basin Sarmatians to other ancient populations.To further evaluate the samples, we used the so-called F-statistics, which allow for higher resolution genomic analyses and hypothesis test-ing. We composed F4 statistics in the form of F4(Ethiopia_4500BP, Test; Sarmatians_450BCE, Hungary_LN_Lengyel), to test the possible genetic affinities to Steppe Sarmatians, and F4(Ethiopia_4500BP, Test; Sarma-tians_ 450BCE, Ulaanzuukh_SlabGrave), to test possible genetic affinities to Inner Asian populations. With the help of an outgroup, this statistic can indicate a clear genetic affinity to one of the two populations used for comparison. We used the ancient individual Ethiopia_4500BP as an outgroup. The genotype of this sample is symmetrically distant from all other non-African human populations and has a sufficiently large genome coverage. The results were plotted in two dimensions so that the relation-ship between the two possible ancestries could be assessed (Fig. 2A). We can see that most of the samples are tightly clustered in the bottom right corner, indicating a significant affinity to possibly local Carpathian Basin populations. However, some samples also showed a slight genetic affinity to the Steppe Sarmatians, while others showed clear signs of Inner Asian genetic components.Next, we tried a hypothesis test to indicate admixture between possible source populations. Based on the results of the F4 statistics and the PCA position of the samples, we compiled 3 groups (indicated in Fig. 1 and 2A) and run the Admixture F3 analysis with 12 different source combina-tions (Fig. 2B). A resulting [Z-score < –3] is significant, confirming possible admixture. Group 1 showed little evidence of admixture, but we were still able to detect a significantly negative score in the case of local European and Steppe Sarmatian sources, confirming the possibility that the samples studied could have been derived from the admixture of locals and migrat-ing Sarmatians. Groups 2 and 3 both showed strong negative signals, con-firming that these individuals did indeed contain a significant amount of Inner Asian ancestry.ConclusionsBased on our analysis, most of the samples available to us showed a significant affinity to earlier Carpathian Basin populations, with no clear connection to the Sarmatians of the Russian steppe. Nevertheless, we were able to find at least one group with confirmed genetic affinity to the Steppe Sarmatians, and also some individuals with undeniable affinity Schütz et alii478to a distinct Inner Asian population. This Inner Asian ancestry (repre-sented here by Ulaanzuukh_SlabGrave) first appeared in Europe with the arrival of the Huns, and so our results point to a possible early connection between these two populations.Oszkár Schütz (schutzoszi@gmail.com) Zoltán Maróti (maroti.zoltan@med.u-szeged.hu) Endre Neparáczki (neparaczki.endre@mki.gov.hu) Balázs Tihanyi (tihanyi.balazs@mki.gov.hu) Bence Kovács (kovacs.bence.gabor@mki.gov.hu) Kitti Maár (kitti.maar@gmail.com) Gergely Varga (varga.gergely@mki.gov.hu)Alexandra Gînguță (ginguta.alexandra@mki.gov.hu)Emil Nyerki (nyerki.emil@mki.gov.hu)Tibor Török (torok.tibor@mki.gov.hu)Archaeogenetic Research Group, University of SzegedBibliographyGnecchi-Ruscone et al. 2022G. A. Gnecchi-Ruscone / A. Szécsényi-Nagy et al., Ancient Genomes Reveal Origin and Rapid Trans-Eurasian Migration of 7th Century Avar Elites. Cell 185/8, 2022, 1402−1413.e21 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S0092867422002677).Istvánovits / Kulcsár 2017E. Istvánovits / V. Kulcsár, Sarmatians – History and Archaeology of a For-gotten People (Mainz 2017).Kulcsár 2018V. Kulcsár, A császárkori Barbaricum a Magyar Alföldön: etnopolitikai változások a Kárpát-medencében az ezredfordulón / Das kaiserzeitliche Bar-baricum in der Ungarischen Tiefebene: Ethnische und politische Veränderun-gen im Karpatenbecken zur Jahrtausendwende. In: O. Heinrich-Tamáska / D. Winger (eds.), 7000 év története: Fejezetek Magyarország régészetéből / 7000 Jahre Geschichte: Einblicke in die Archäologie Ungarns (Remshalden 2017), 129–146.Patterson et al. 2012N. Patterson / P. Moorjani et al., Ancient Admixture in Human History. Genetics 192/3, 2012, 1065–1093 (https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics. 112.145037).Preliminary Genetic Results on the Sarmatians from the Carpathian Basin479 Fig. 1. PCA plot of the analysed 61 Sarmatian period individuals together with previously published Sarmatians from the Russian steppe and Xiongnus from modern day Mongolia.Schütz et alii480Fig. 2. Detailed analysis of the studied samples. (A) Result of the F4 statistics plotted in two dimensions. (B) Results of F3 admixture statistics of the 3 selected groups. The dotted line indicates the threshold for a significant result.Preliminary Genetic Results on the Sarmatians from the Carpathian Basin481Fig. 3. Map of the Carpathian Basin showing the burials included in this study.

Preliminary genetic results on the Sarmatians from the Carpathian Basin

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Preliminary genetic results on the Sarmatians from the Carpathian Basin

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