The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a transformational strength in various fields, including health services, production and urban infrastructure. Although it enables automation and data exchange in real time, it also introduces sufficient risks that cannot be ignored. This article makes a comprehensive review of existing literature to detect the most pressure related challenges associated with IoT, including security weaknesses, privacy considerations, inter -Boundaries and questions of stability. This emphasizes how the growing number interacted equipment expands the surface of the cyber-attacks, often increased by old firmware, weak encryption and incompatible standards. In response, recent research has suggested integration of blockchain, artificial intelligence and slightly cryptography as a possible solution. However, practical purposes are interrupted by the lack of energy and scalable, the requirement for adaptive structure. The study also emphasized the role of new technologies such as edge calculation and 5G to remove delay and reliability problems. In addition, the data protection and generation -related moral and regulatory complications discuss. By synthesizing insights from recent studies, the paper suggests future research directions, aimed at developing energy networks, safe and standardized IoT ecosystem
