Turushev, Nikita Vladimirovich

Yuzhakova, Maria Aleksandrovna

Electronic archive of Tomsk Polytechnic University

80-:, ,N.V. Turushev, M.A. YuzhakovaTomsk Polytechnic UniversityNew biomedical interface for artificial limbs: reviewOne of the existing and urgent problems of humanity is maintaining healthybody and its competence. The state of a human body and proper functionality of itssystems generally influence the life quality and human welfare, not only physical butmental. Therefore, primary task is solving problems of healthcare and developingnew treatment and diagnostics methods of existing pathologies and diseases in manycountries.According to the Department of Labor and Social Security of RussianFederation the number of disabled people has increased to 12.8 millions it is about9.2% of all Russian population. Only about 1.75 million people are working-aged.But only 0.508 million people are involved in labor activity [1]. Due to the programof United Nations Organization this number is about 650 million people 10% of theworld population [2].In addition, people of different disability groups are experiencing greatdifficulties in socialization because of their disadvantages during the whole life. Itdramatically reduces their level of life quality and wounds them mentally. Toimprove their lives and integrate them into our society is one of the problems whichevery country and the whole world try to solve.One of the ways to solve the problem of socialization and improve the lifequality is developing prostheses, which can replace lost limbs. Prostheses allowdisabled person to fade accent on current invalid disabilities and decrease discomfort,which a person experiences. Also, it can help to adapt to the real world.There is a great deal of different kinds of prostheses and its classifications. Dueto the simplest and general classification prostheses can be divided into two groups:cosmetic and functional.Cosmetic prostheses have a long history which starts from the times of theancient Egyptians. It has long been used to disguise disfigurements and injuries, but ithas minimally restored functions of locomotor apparatus of a lost or damagedfragment. With evolution of modern technology it is now possible to create lifelikelimbs and fragments of face, eyes, ears, which significantly improve life of disabledpeople.81Cosmetic prostheses production is widespread throughout the world. In Russiamore than 70 orthopedic workshops are involved in production of cosmeticprostheses of different limbs and parts. Generally, each workshop is connected withthe region to supply it with new prosthesis.Cosmetic prostheses functional analogs are designed to restore lost functions oflocomotor apparatus or organ. These devices can be enhanced by cosmetic lifelikedesign for the better appearance and disguising. Such combination is the mostappropriate for patients. Functional prostheses can be classified into 3 types by theircontrol methods and functions:Body-powered prosthetic device is controlled by cables connecting prosthesisexecutive parts with healthy limb or other place on human body, which movingperforms action in the prosthesis.Joint prosthesis is designed to replace lost or severely damaged joints in limbs.Electrophysiological robotic prosthesis is designed to replace lost parts oflocomotor apparatus. It is a robotic device controlled by electrophysiologicalinterface.An electrophysiological robotic prosthesis represents great interest forprosthetics. Research in this sphere allows developing devices fully replacing lostfragments of locomotor apparatus in the future with minimal discomfort andmaximum ability to control. Electrophysiological prostheses containelectrophysiological interface, which is used as an informative parameterelectrophysiological body signal to control electronics of a prosthesis device.Scientists divide electrophysiological interfaces into different groups. One of thecommon classifications is a group of interfaces by the type of signals. Due to thisclassification interfaces can be divided into 3 types: electromyographic biointerface,brain computer interface, neural interface.The main distinction of a brain computer interface is that biological signals areused to register signals directly from brain cortex as the informative parameter signalfor executive electronics. Electrodes of the interface are implanted directly into thebrain cortex sector to register signals. The obtained data are processed into thecontrol code and then transmitted to prosthesis electronics. The electrode positionallows applying this kind of interface in prosthesis for people with such disease asquadriplegia and also can be used in recovering techniques for paralyzed limbs andother parts of a human body. The main disadvantage of the method is invasiveness:getting signals requires a surgery on the brain and implanting a foreign objectcarrying risks for a patient.Neural interface is based on using biosignals obtained from a nerve fibertransmitting afferent and efferent signals during the proposal of intended action.Electrodes for such interfaces can be implanted into nerve tissue or placed on oraround it without invasion. The main risk of using such technology is probability toloss conductivity, sensitivity of nerve, fiber degradation, demyelinization of hostnerve and stress to neural and surrounding tissues [3].Myographic interface is based on biological signal that retrieved from muscletissue. Common electrodes of such interfaces are placed over the muscle on the skin.But there is a practice of invasion electrodes into muscle tissue and individual82fascicle. The last method can causes risks of muscle mechanical stress and infectionof healthy body parts. Implementation of myographic interfaces is widespread inprosthetic devices. The usage of these interfaces is limited by the surface of othermuscle parts which provide control of information for prostheses. Currently, the mostadvanced commercial electromechanical prostheses which replace complex parts oflimbs, such as prostheses of arm parts below the elbow, usually require specialcontrol. This is a great disadvantage for a patient because of unnatural, cumbersomeappearance [4].Research conducted in Laboratory 63, Institute of Nondestructive Testing,Tomsk Polytechnic University allows achieving the results in enhancing biologicalinterfaces based on electrophysiological signal recording approach of a human body[5]. The results obtained during the process of researching allow developing newclass of nanosensors which do not have analogs in the world. Distinctive features ofthe developed sensors are high noise stability, long operation life, high sensitivity andbiocompatibility [3]. The developed nanosesors allows designing new devices withhigh sensitivity, fast response time, and safe for a human body, such as medicalmeasuring complex, which provide the possibility to look at a human body in adifferent way.We plan to use the developed technology for implementation into myographicinterface, which allows designing prosthetic devices with such features as highsensitivity, long durability, fast response time due to the absence of inertial blocks;usability and ease of control due to non-invasiveness.The developed experimental prototype of biological interface consists ofnanosensors, a biosignal amplifier block, and a signal processing block.Electrophysiological signals are recorded with nanosensors and amplified with thebiosignal amplifier block. Then, the amplified signal transfers to the signal processingblock into measuring data which is encoded into the command sequence by thecommand code formation block for executive components of prosthesis devices,Figure 1.Figure 1. Conceptual structure scheme of the interface in a prosthetic deviceCurrently, research is aimed at solving such a problem as an optimal ergonomicform of a nanosensor which better fits a human anatomy. In this case the formimprovement makes it possible to gain better contact with a body, to ease the use, and83to lessen discomfort. By the end of the study, an experimental prototype of theergonomic nanosensor is to be developed.It is very important to find new ways to improve the prosthetic bioengineeringtechnologies such as electrophysiological interfaces development, which allowdesigning efficient prosthetic devices to improve the life quality of disabled people.One of this ways is enhancing signal recording technologies and developing highsensitive and resistant sensors which will allow developing more stable devices andcontrolling systems for prosthetics.References1. Ministry of Labor and Social Security of Russian Federation. O realizacii mer, napravlennyh narazvitie trudovoj zanjatosti invalidov. Retrieved February 10, 2014, fromhttp://www.rosmintrud.ru/docs/mintrud/migration/12.2. UNO. Faktologicheskij bjulleten' po voprosam invalidov. Retrieved February 10, 2014, fromhttps://www.un.org/russian/disabilities/default.asp?navid=31&pid=1186.3. Gasson M, Hutt B, Goodhew I, Kyberd P, Warwick K, Invasive neural prosthesis for neuralsignal detection and nerve stimulation, Int J Adapt Control Signal Process 19(2005) 365-375.4. Max Ortiz-Catalan, Rickard Branemark, Bo Hakansson, Jean Delbeke, On the viability ofimplantable electrodes for natural control of artificial limbs: Review and discussion, BioMedicalEngineering OnLine. 11(2012) 1-24. doi:10.1186/1475-925X-11-33.5. G., Turushev N.V., Avdeeva D.K., Ustrojstvo dlja jelektronejromiograficheskihissledovanij oporno-dvigatel'nogo apparata cheloveka // Zhurnal radiojelektroniki. 2014 C. 1-6. URL: http://jre.cplire.ru/jre/apr14/6/text.pdf (accessed April 28, 2014).G.V. VavilovaTomsk Polytechnic UniversityElectrocapacitive transdu er to control in-process cable linear capacitanceThe linear capacitance is a significant parameter of insulated electric cables,particularly, of radiofrequency cables, LAN-cables and communication cables. Thevalue of the linear capacitance is normalized by the standard of an appropriate type ofthe cable. The technique of cable capacitance measurement is regulated by GOST27893-88. This technique is used to control the capacitance of a finale cable segment.The disadvantage of this technique is that the cable cannot be controlled along itsintire length and the conclusion about the wire quality is drawn after the cable hasbeen produced only. Therefore, it is essential to perform the control of the cable inthe process of its manufacturing. In this case the capacitance can be measured with atubular electrode immersed in a bath of cooling water.To perform the control the capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor is to bemeasured. This capacitor consists of a cable core as a cylinder-type plate of thecapacitor, and the cooling water the cable is immersed into as the second cylinder-type plate of the capacitor.Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the electrocapacitive transducer. Theelectrocapacitive transducer consists of a cylindrical metal housing 1, tubular

New biomedical interface for artificial limbs: review

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