The antifungal activity of a series of thiazole, benzothiazole and benzothiazolyl-phenothiazine derivatives against Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans species causing invasive candidiasis was investigated using the diffusion method and the broth dilution procedure. Minimal inhibitory concentrations revealed antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. guillermondii, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis strains isolated from clinical materials (blood, urine and peritoneal fluids cultures). The tested hydrazine-thiazole derivatives showed promising antifungal activity against both fluconazole susceptible and resistive Candida species, while the benzothiazolyl-phenothiazine derivatives were not effective

CRISTEA, Castelia

FLONTA, Mirela

GROZAV, Adriana

JUNIE, Lia Monica

SABOU, Mihaela

ZAHARIA, Valentin

English

Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai

STUDIA UBB CHEMIA, LXI, 3, Tom I, 2016 (p. 117-123) (RECOMMENDED CITATION)       Dedicated to Professor Luminița Silaghi-Dumitrescu  on the occasion of her 65th anniversary   THIAZOLE DERIVATIVES WITH ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CANDIDA SPECIES   MIHAELA SABOUa, ADRIANA GROZAVb*, LIA MONICA JUNIEa, MIRELA FLONTAc, VALENTIN ZAHARIAb and CASTELIA CRISTEAd    ABSTRACT. The antifungal activity of a series of thiazole, benzothiazole and benzothiazolyl-phenothiazine derivatives against Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans species causing invasive candidiasis was investigated using the diffusion method and the broth dilution procedure. Minimal inhibitory concentrations revealed antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. guillermondii, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis strains isolated from clinical materials (blood, urine and peritoneal fluids cultures). The tested hydrazine-thiazole derivatives showed promising antifungal activity against both fluconazole susceptible and resistive Candida species, while the benzothiazolyl-phenothiazine derivatives were not effective.   Keywords: Thiazole, Benzothiazole, Phenothiazine, Candida species.    INTRODUCTION   Health care associated infections have become a cause of major public concern due to complications inducing morbidity, mortality and increased treatment costs for both immunocompromised as well as non-immunocompromised                                                  a Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, RO-400012, Victor Babes 41, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.  b Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, RO-400012, Victor Babes 41, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.  c Teaching Hospital of Infectious Diseases, RO-400000, Cluj-Napoca, Romania d Babes-Bolyai” University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, RO-400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. *Corresponding author: adriana.ignat@umfcluj.ro M. SABOU, A. GROZAV, L. M. JUNIE, M. FLONTA, V. ZAHARIA, C. CRISTEA    118 patients. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida species are the most common groups of organisms that cause nosocomial infections in both adults and children. [1]. Candidiasis affected a significant number of individuals and the ratio of sepsis episodes of fungal etiology has risen [2]. Health care-associated candidiasis appears globally hierarchized as the third reported cause of invasive nosocomial infection [3,4]. Among Candida species, C. albicans was historically identified as predominant in causing invasive candidiasis, but more recently several non-C. albicans species such as C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis complex, C. glabrata and C krusei were increasingly incriminated as responsible for invasive infections [5,6]. According to medical statistics, the top four Candida species involved in invasive infections were C. albicans (58.4%) followed by C. parapsilosis complex (19.5%), C. tropicalis (9.3%), and C. glabrata (8.3%) [7,8]. Minimal immune suppression seemed required to predispose an individual to infections and the high mortality associated to candidemia varied in different geographic areas (e.g. 15%-35% in Europe, up to 46% in USA and up to 54% in Brazil). [9] In our previously reported studies we tested the antifungal activity of benzothiazol and benzothiazolyl-phenothiazine derivatives against C. albicans ATCC 14053 standard strain [10,11]. In this work we extended the screening of antifungal activity of selected hydrazino-thiazole, phenyl-benzothiazole and phenothiazinyl-benzothiazole derivatives against several Candida species isolated from clinical materials which were collected from patients with invasive fungal infections health cared in the Hospital of Infectious Diseases Cluj-Napoca, Romania.   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION   The chemical structures of the heterocyclic compounds selected for evaluation of antifungal activity against Candida spp. are presented in figure 1. The chemical synthesis of hydrazones 1-3 containing different substituents attached to the phenyl and thiazole unit, benzothiazolyl-phenothiazine derivatives 4,5 differentiated by the substitution pattern of the phenothiazine core and 2-phenyl-benzothiazole 6, were described previously in some of our works [10,11].  The Candida strains subjected to this study were responsible for invasive infections in health-care patients with different comorbidities or immunosuppression in critical stages and were isolated from physiological fluids (blood, urine, peritoneal liquid, or bronco-alveolar lavage liquid) and the results are presented in Table 1. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined according to CLSI standard [12] THIAZOLE DERIVATIVES WITH ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CANDIDA SPECIES    119   Figure 1. The chemical structures of the tested antifungal agents.   Table 1. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different antifungal  drugs against isolated Candida strains   Candida strain source MIC (μg/ml) Fluconazole Voriconazole Caspofungin Micafungin Amph-B 5-FC  C. albicans Blood culture 1 (S) 0.12 (S) 0.25 (S) 0.06 (S) 2 (I) 1 (S) C. glabrata Blood culture 16 (I) 0.5 (S) 0.83 (S) 0.012 (S) 1 (S) 1 (S) C. glabrata Br-alv lavage 4 (DDS) 0.12 (S) 0.25 (S) 0.06 (S) 0.5 (S) 1 (S) C. glabrata Blood culture 4 (DDS) 0.12 (S) 0.25 (S) 0.06 (S) 1 (S) 1 (S) C. guillermondiiUrine culture 32 (R) 0.12 (S) 0.25 (S) 0.06 (S) 2 (I) 1 (S) C. krusei Peritoneal fluid 8 (R) 0.12 (S) 0.25 (S) 0.12 (S) 0.5 (S) 8 (I) C. lusitaniae Blood culture 32 (R) 0.008 (S) 0.12 (S) 0.06 (S) 0.5 (S) 256 (R) C. norvegiensisUrine culture 16 (DDS) 0.25 (S) 0.25 (S) 0.12 (S) 1 (S) 4 (S) C. parapsilosis Blood culture 1 (S) 0.12 (S) 1 (S) 0.5 (S) 1 (S) 1 (S) C. parapsilosis Blood culture 1 (S) 0.12 (S) 0.5 (S) 0.5 (S) 0.5 (S) 1 (S) C. albicans ATCC 10231 1 (S) 0.12 (S) 0.25 (S) 0.06 (S) 0.12 (S) 1 (S) S=sensible; I=intermediate; R=resistant; DDS=dose-dependent sensibility; Amph-B= Amphotericin B; 5-FC= 5-Fluorocytosine M. SABOU, A. GROZAV, L. M. JUNIE, M. FLONTA, V. ZAHARIA, C. CRISTEA    120  Three of the non-C.albicans strains appeared to be resistant to fluconazole, the most largely employed antifungal drug.   The in vitro susceptibility of Candida species to the synthetic compounds 1-6 was screened using the diffusion method and the results are presented in Table 2.  Table 2. Inhibition zone diameter (mm) resulted by diffusion method  using 10 μl solution 2.5 mg/ml of compound 1-6.  Candida strain source Inhibition zone diameter (mm)Fluconazole 1 2 3 4 5 6 C. albicans Blood culture 25 6 4 12 8 6 6 C. glabrata Blood culture 4 0 0 0 0 0 7 C. glabrata Br-alv lavage 4 0 4 0 0 0 6 C. glabrata Blood culture 4 0 4 0 0 0 6 C. guillermondii Urine culture 2 6 4 12 0 0 0 C. krusei Peritoneal fluid 0 6 8 6 0 0 7 C. lusitaniae Blood culture 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C. norvegiensis Urine culture 6 6 4 4 0 0 0 C. parapsilosis Blood culture 31 6 7 12 0 0 0 C. parapsilosis Blood culture 24 7 7 12 0 0 0 C. albicans ATCC 10231 30 2 2 12 0 0 8    Neither of the tested compounds 1-6, nor fluconazole were active against C. lusitaniae, while in the case of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis strains all the tested compounds 1-6 showed inhibition zones with considerably smaller diameter in comparison to the antimycotic drug. Hydrazones 1-3 and phenyl-benzothiazole 6 exhibited a moderate antifungal activity against C. guillermondii and C. krusei strains which seemed resistant to fluconazole, while C. glabrata strain appeared slightly sensitive to phenyl-benzothiazole 6.   Benzothiazolyl-phenothiazine derivatives 4, 5 appeared inactive against any of the isolated non-C. albicans strains.  THIAZOLE DERIVATIVES WITH ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CANDIDA SPECIES    121  Hydrazones 2, 3 and phenyl-benzothiazole 6 pointed by the diffusion method screening as potential antifungal agents against C. albicans and non-C. albicans strains: C. guillermondii, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis were further employed in MIC determination experiments using the broth dilution method. The results thus obtained are summarized in table 3.   Table 3. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for hydrazones 2, 3  and phenyl-benzothiazole 6.  Candida strain MIC (μg/ml)  Fluconazole 2 3 6 C. albicans Blood culture 1 (S) 0.16 0.8 64 C. guillermondii Urine culture 32 (R) 32 0.16 64 C. krusei Peritoneal fluid 8 (R) 0.8 32 1.2 C. parapsilosis Blood culture 1 (S) 0.5 (S) 1 (S) 64 C. parapsilosis Blood culture 1 (S) 0.5 (S) 0.5 (S) 64 C. albicans ATCC 10231 1 (S) 32 1.2 64 S=sensible; R=resistant;    Hydrazones 2, 3 gave the impression of effective antifungal agents against the two non-C.albicans strains resistant to fluconazole: C. guillermondii and C. krusei and proved to be even more effective than the commercial antifungal drug against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis strains isolated from the blood of health-care patients.  Phenyl-benzothiazole 6 appeared effective only against C. krusei isolated from peritoneal fluid.   CONCLUSIONS   The antifungal activity of heterocyclic compounds containing the thiazole unit screened in vitro pointed out the sensibility of C. albicans and non-C. albicans strains isolated from clinical materials towards hydrazino-thiazole derivatives. Substituted benzothiazole derivatives appeared to be less effective and the presence of the phenothiazine unit did not favour the antifungal activity. M. SABOU, A. GROZAV, L. M. JUNIE, M. FLONTA, V. ZAHARIA, C. CRISTEA    122 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION   Compounds 1-6 were synthesized according to our previously reported procedures [10,11].  The Candida species strains were isolated from clinical materials which were collected from patients with invasive fungal infections health cared in the Hospital of Infectious Diseases Cluj-Napoca.  The Candida species strains were isolated from blood, urine, peritoneal liquid and bronco-alveolar lavage liquid cultures.  The identification and the susceptibility profile of the isolated Candida strains to six different commercial antifungal drugs was determined using the automated systems Vitek 2 YST and AST-SY01.  Antifungal activity tests:  The fungus strains were cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar with incubation at 37±20C for 48h in aerobic conditions. a) The Diffusion method was carried out according to previously reported procedure [11] using a fungus culture which has been adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standard inoculated in Muller Hinton agar plates; 10 μl from 2.5 mg/ml solution of synthetic compounds in DMSO were disposed on sterile paper disks. Standard Fluconazol 25 µg/disc (Oxoid, England) was employed. After incubation at 37±20C for 72 hours the plates were examined for inhibition zone, which was measured and recorded in mm. The tests were repeated three times to ensure reliability. b) Broth dilution procedure was carried out according to the protocols previously described [11]. MIC was determined using microdilution trays using a stock solution 2.5 mg/ml in DMSO and distilled water. Each tray included a growth control well and a sterility (uninoculated) well.  The rights of the patients regarding the confidentiality of personal information were respected in agreement to Helsinki declaration of Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS   This work was supported by the Swiss Enlargement Contribution in the framework of the Romanian-Swiss Research Program, project number IZERZO-142198/1 (A. Grozav).  This paper was published under the frame of European Social Found, Human Resources Development Operational Programme 2007-2013, project no. POSDRU/159/1.5/S/136893” (A. Grozav). THIAZOLE DERIVATIVES WITH ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CANDIDA SPECIES    123  REFERENCES  1. E.R.M. Sydnor, T.M. Perl, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2011, 1, 141. 2. G.S. Martin, D.M. Mannino, S. Eaton, M. 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THIAZOLE DERIVATIVES WITH ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CANDIDA SPECIES

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THIAZOLE DERIVATIVES WITH ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CANDIDA SPECIES

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