SE PROPONE UN NOTOGÉNERO NUEVO, —PACHEBERGIA (BACKEBERGIA — PACHYCEREUS), DEL OCCIDENTE DE MÉXICO. SE DESCRIBEN E ILUSTRAN LOS TALLOS Y LA MORFOLOGÍA DE LA SEMILLA DE ESTE TAXÓN POCO CONOCIDO DE LOS BOSQUES SUBHÚMEDOS Y DECIDUOS DE LA CUENCA DEL BALSAS, GUERRERO. SE DISCUTEN SUS CARACTERES MORFOLÓGICOS DIAGNÓSTICOS Y LA RELACIÓN CON LOS SUPUESTOS TAXONES PARENTALES, PACHYCEREUS PECTEN-ABORIGINUM Y BACKEBERGIA MILITARI

SALVADOR ARIAS

TERESA TERRAZAS

Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad

Directory of Open Access Journals

×Pachebergia (Cactaceae), a nothogenus from western Mexico ×Pachebergia (Cactaceae), un notogénero del occidente de México Salvador Arias1* and Teresa Terrazas21Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D.F., México 2Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México D.F., México *Correspondent: sarias@ibiologia.unam.mxAbstract. ×Pachebergia (Backebergia × Pachycereus), a new nothogenus from western Mexico, is proposed. Stem and seed morphology of this poorly known taxon from dry to very dry deciduous tropical forest in the Balsas River Basin, Guerrero, are described and illustrated. Its diagnostic morphological characters and relationships with Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum and Backebergia militaris, its putative parental taxa, are discussed.Key words: Backebergia, Balsas River Basin, hybrid, new nothogenus, Pachycereus. Resumen. Se propone un notogénero nuevo, ×Pachebergia (Backebergia × Pachycereus), del occidente de México. Se describen e ilustran los tallos y la morfología de la semilla de este taxón poco conocido de los bosques subhúmedos y deciduos de la cuenca del Balsas, Guerrero. Se discuten sus caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos y la relación con los supuestos taxones parentales, Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum y Backebergia militaris.Palabras clave: Backebergia, cuenca del Balsas, híbrido, notogénero nuevo, Pachycereus. IntroductionReports of spontaneous intergeneric hybrids in cacti are uncommon, but now well documented (Rowley, 1994, 2004), and only 3 nothogenera have been described including columnar cacti of tribe Pachycereeae. The fi rst of those involves a species of Pachycereus (A. Berger) Britton et Rose and Bergerocactus Britton et Rose from Baja California, with intermediate features between the massive tree-like Pachycereus pringlei (S. Watson) Britton et Rose and the shrubby Bergerocactus emoryi (Engelm.) Britton et Rose, called ×Pacherocactus orcuttii (K. Brandegee) Rowley (Moran, 1962a; Rowley, 1994). A second intergeneric hybrid involves Bergerocactus emoryi and Myrtillocactus cochal (Orcutt) Britton et Rose, also from Baja California (Moran, 1962b), called ×Myrtgerocactus lindsayi Moran. A third hybrid was reported by Glass and Foster (1964), and named ×Myrtillenocereus, from Hidalgo state, intermediate between Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Martius) Console and Stenocereus dumortieri (Scheidw.) Buxb.Two of the well-known genera of tree-like cacti, often becoming massive, in western Mexico are Pachycereus, the cardones, and Backebergia, the tiponches, commonly present in dry to very dry tropical deciduous forest. Pachycereus occurs from northwestern Baja California state towards the western tip of the state of Chiapas, whereas Backebergia is restricted to the central western states of Guerrero, Michoacán, and the southwestern tip of Jalisco (Fig. 1; Cattabriga, 2004). Morphological and molecular data support the recognition of both genera as members of the subtribe Pachycereinae (Arias et al., 2003; Arias and Terrazas, 2006), with Backebergia sister to Pachycereus s.s.During a fi eld trip to the Balsas River basin in the summer of 2003, we noticed the existence of a single individual of a tree-like cactus resembling Backebergia militaris, but with only golden bristles on the tip of various branches (Mauseth et al., 2005). Vegetative characters were undoubtedly intermediate between 2 other species, Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Engelm.) Britton et Rose and Backebergia militaris (Audot) Bravo ex Sánchez-Mej., species that grow sympatrically on slopes in surrounding deciduous tropical forest. Comparative Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 79: 23- 28, 2008http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2008.001.542Recibido: 29 junio 2006; aceptado: 19 junio 200724                                                                Arias and Terrazas.– ×Pachebergia (Cactaceae) de Méxicoanalysis of vegetative and seed morphology of the hybrid and the putative parents is presented.Material and methodsWe revisited the area a number of times between 2003 and 2005 to study the habitat, to search for additional individuals of the hybrid, to determine what species coexist with the hybrid as possible parents, and to locate other sites with similar associations to fi nd new hybrid plants. Morphological features and distribution of Backebergia and Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum were compiled from fi eldwork and supplemented with herbarium material from CHAPA, IBUG, MEXU, NY (Arias et al., 2003; Arias and Terrazas, 2006).A comparative study of seed morphology of the hybrid and its parents was carried out. For observations with SEM, seeds were removed from fruit and subsequently washed. The dried samples were sputter coated with gold and observed in a SEM (JEOL-JSM-5310LV) microscope. The descriptive seed terminology follows Barthlott and Hunt (2000) and the mean values are given for seed length and width, and hilum-micropylar region length. No germination experiments were carried out because most species of Pachycereus do not germinate if they are stored for more than 15 days under laboratory conditions (Loza-Cornejo, unpublished data), and this was the case with the hybrid since we stored seeds more than 2 months before starting our description.Results and discussion According to the morphological characters the plant collected is probably a fi rst generation hybrid, with characters that are intermediate with respect to those exhibited by the parents. In particular, non-reproductive stems (habit, stem color, branch arrangement, and spines) closely resemble those of Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Fig. 2a, d, g), and reproductive branches seem to be relatively similar to those of Backebergia militaris (Fig. 2c, f, i; Table 1).Backebergia militaris and Pachycereus pecten-Figure 1. Distribution in western Mexico of Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (triangles), Backebergia militaris (circles), and ×Pachebergia (star).Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 79: 23- 28, 2008                    25aboriginum fl owers are nocturnal and pollinated by bats. In the case of B. militaris, the fl owers are nearly 4.2-5 cm long and covered by spines, bristles and trichomes of the fertile zone (cephalium) before anthesis; whereas fl owers of P. pecten-aboriginum are slightly larger (7.2-9.5 cm) and uncovered in the fertile zone. Although fl owers of the hybrid are unknown, we suppose that they are also nocturnal and bat pollinated.Figure 2. Growth habits and details of vegetative and fertile zones. a, Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum, adult plant, Michoacán state (Terrazas 466).  b, ×Pachebergia apicicostata, adult plant, Guerrero state (Terrazas 673).  c, Backebergia militaris, adult plant with apical cephalia, Michoacán (Arias 1336).  d, Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum, apex of vegetative zone, Jalisco state (Arias 1402).  e, ×Pachebergia apicicostata, apex of vegetative zone.  f, Backebergia militaris, vegetative zone with constrictions, Michoacán state (Arias 1332).  g, Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum, apex of fertile zone showing areoles connected by developed grooves, cultivated at Jardín Botánico UNAM.  h, ×Pachebergia apicicostata, apex of fertile zone.  i, Backebergia militaris, fertile zone represented by typical apical cephalium, cultivated at Jardín Botánico UNAM.Figure 3. Mature fruits in external view and longitudinal section exposing red, juicy pulp.  a, Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum, Michoacán state (Arias 986).  b, ×Pachebergia apicicostata (Terrazas 673).  c, Backebergia militaris, Michoacán state (Arias 1338).The fruit size of the hybrid is intermediate between B. militaris and P. pecten-aboriginum, but fruit form and wall completely covered with yellow spines and trichomes are similar to those of P. pecten-aboriginum (Fig. 3; Table 1). 26                                                                Arias and Terrazas.– ×Pachebergia (Cactaceae) de MéxicoIn addition the fruit developed in areole below the apical region where the areoles were covered by large bristles a pattern different from B. militaris, in which fl owers and fruits always develop within the cephalium (Vázquez-Sánchez, 2001). The modifi cations observed in the apical region are intermediate with the ones occurring in the cephalium of B. militaris, lacking interareolar space and developing periderm.The comparative seed morphology is also congruent with the hypothesis that P. pecten-aboriginum and B. militaris are the putative parents (Table 1, Appendix 1), because the seed is larger than 3 mm, oval to wide oval in the 3 taxa. Seeds of most species included in the genus Pachycereus sensu Barthlott and Hunt (1993) are larger than 3 mm, smaller in few species (Arias and Terrazas, 2004). Testa relief with fl at walls is a common character in all species of Pachycereinae, as is the case in the hybrid herein described (Fig. 4), whereas species classifi ed in Stenocereinae show convex relief in different degrees. Micro-relief is minutely rugose in P. pecten-aboriginum, in B. militaris, and in the hybrid, as in the other species of  Pachycereinae, a clear difference with members of Stenocereinae, which show different degrees of striation probably of cuticular origin (Arias and Terrazas, 2004; Arroyo-Cosultchi et al., 2006; Barthlott and Hunt, 2000). Moreover, mean values for seed length and hilum-micropylar region (HMR) length are clearly intermediate and seed width larger in the hybrid than in the putative parents (Table 1, Appendix 1); however, the minimum and maximum seed values for the hybrid showed a narrower interval than in the putative parents (Table 1). The only other species of cacti which grow sympatrically with the hybrid and the putative parents are Stenocereus fricii Sánchez-Mej. and S. queretaroensis (F.A.C. Weber) Buxb. The possibility that either of these 2 species of Stenocereus could be one of the parents has been rejected, because the hybrid does not display any character that could be considered as intermediate between it and either species. These species of Stenocereus have seeds smaller than 3 mm with convex and striate relief (Arroyo-Cosultchi et al., 2006), and their stem architecture as well as their fruit form and spination are different (Arreola-Nava andTerrazas, 2003).Based on these evidences we propose the following: ×Pachebergia S. Arias et Terrazas nothogen. nov. (Backebergia Bravo × Pachycereus (A. Berger) Britton et Rose)Genus hybridum inter Pachycereum (A. Berger) Britton et Rose et Backebergiam Bravo intermedium.×Pachebergia apicicostata S. Arias et Terrazas nothosp. nov. (Backebergia militaris (Audot) Bravo ex Sánchez-Mej. × Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Watson) Britton et Rose).Planta arborescens, ramis ad 4 m altis, sine peridermide in crescentiae constrictionibus; areolae 6-8 mm longae, 4-5 mm diametro, spinis radialibus 7-9, 1-1.6 cm longis, spina centrali 1, 1-2.5 cm longa. Zona fertilis distincta, 9-costata, spinis setosis numerosis, 3-5 cm longis, Table 1. Summary of the main differences among 3 taxa  Character Backebergia militaris ×Pachebergia apicicostata Pachycereus pecten-aboriginumBranches  number of ribs 9-11 7-9 8-10(-12)  areole size ( mm) 3-5 x 3-4 6-8 x 4-5 7-11 x 4-9  interareolar distance (mm) 4-8 9-11 12-28  constrictions with bark absent absentFertile zone   vegetative structure podaria ribs ribs  spines all bristle-like all bristle-like some bristle-like, some rigid  spine color yellow to black yellow brown to black  bark present absent absentFruit  size (cm) 2.1-3 x 1.4-2.1 2.8-3 x 3.2-3.4 4.3-5.5 x 4-6  spines and trichomes not covering fruit wall covering fruit wall covering fruit wall  form oblong globose globose  dehiscence longitudinal apical apicalSeed  size (mm) 3.8-5.1 x 2.5-3.8 4.3-4.7 x 2.6-3.4 3.3-4.7 x 2.2-3.4  anticlinal boundaries evident inconspicuous inconspicuousRevista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 79: 23- 28, 2008                    27fl avis, apicem ramorum obtegentibus; areolae intervalo separatae.Type: MEXICO. Guerrero: Mun. Coyuca de Catalán, ca. 30 km southwest of Ciudad Altamirano, in tropical deciduous forest, 300 m, 25-May-2003, T. Terrazas, S. Arias, M. Vázquez, and J. Mauseth 673 (holotype: MEXU; isotype: CHAPA). Figures 2b, e, h, and 3b.Tree with few branches, 5 m tall; trunk well defi ned, 1 m tall, ca. 30 cm diameter, without spines. Branches of fi rst order 4 m tall, 16-20 cm diameter, slightly arched at the base, dark green, the apex green glaucous when growing; constricted without bark; ribs 7-9, 3-3.5 cm high, angulate in cross section; areoles elliptic, 6-8 x 4-5 mm, distance between them 1-1.5 cm; radial spines 7-9, acicular, rigid, gray, divergent, 1-1.6 cm long; central spine 1, acicular, porrect, round, gray with black tip, 1-2.5 cm long. Fertile zone well differentiated in the taller branches; branches 15-18 cm diameter, dark green; ribs 9, 2-2.5 cm tall; areoles Figure 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of complete seeds (left column) and cell shape in lateral region (right column).  a, b, Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum.  c, d, ×Pachebergia apicicostata.  e, f, Backebergia militaris.  Scales: a, c, e = 1 mm; b, d, f = 50 μm. orbicular, 8-10 x 7-9 mm, with abundant yellow trichomes 2 cm long; spines yellow, all bristle-like, abundant, with reddish base, 3-5 cm long, without color change up to the fertile zone; trichomes and bristles not covering the epidermis; interareolar spaces present. Flower unknown. Fruit globular, 2.8-3 cm long, 3.2-3.4 cm diameter; scales dry, black, 4 x 1 mm; areoles with abundant yellow trichomes and numerous yellow bristles 1.4-3.5 cm long; trichomes and bristles covering the epidermis; pulp red, scarce, dry at fruit maturity; seeds 4.40 x 3.25 mm, ovoid, black, glossy; testa with elongate cells, the periclinal wall fl at, without micro-relief.   Additional specimens examined. 1. Backebergia militaris (Audot) Bravo. MEXICO. Michoacán: Buenavista Tomatlán, Terrazas 391 (CHAPA); La Huacana, Arias 1332, 1336, 1337, 1338, 1339 (MEXU). 2. Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Engelm.) Britton et Rose. MÉXICO. Baja California Sur: La Paz, Terrazas y Arias 478 (CHAPA). Jalisco: Autlán de Navarro, Arias y Gama 1402 (MEXU). Michoacán: Nocupétaro, Arias et al. 986 (MEXU); Apatzingán, Terrazas 466 (CHAPA). Oaxaca: Santo Domingo Tehuantepec, Arias 1353 (CHAPA); San Pedro Pochutla, Arias et al. 1351; Santa Jalapa, Arias et al. 1353 (MEXU). Sinaloa: El Fuerte, Arias et al. 1322 (MEXU); Huatabampo, Arias et al. 1321 (MEXU). Sonora: Álamos, Terrazas et al. 419a, 419b (CHAPA); Guaymas, Terrazas et al. 415 (MEXU).AcknowledgementsTo Fernando Chiang for Latin translation and useful comments, and Michael Nee for his revision and nomenclatural comments. Field work was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología grant 33064-V (T.T.). We are grateful to Gabriel Arroyo-Cosultchi for assistance with seed data, to Berenit Mendoza for SEM, Susana Gama for maps, and Julio César Montero for art work.Literature citedArias, S. and T. Terrazas 2004. Seed morphology and variation in the genus Pachycereus (Cactaceae). Journal of Plant 28                                                                Arias and Terrazas.– ×Pachebergia (Cactaceae) de MéxicoResearch 117:277-289.Arias, S. and T. Terrazas. 2006. Análisis fi logenético con base en caracteres morfológicos en Pachycereus (Cactaceae). Brittonia 58:197-216.Arias, S., T. Terrazas and K. Cameron. 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of Pachycereus (Cactaceae, Pachycereeae) based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Systematic Botany 28:547-557. Arreola-Nava, H. J. and T. Terrazas. 2003. Especies de Stenocereus con aréolas morenas: clave y descripciones. Acta Botanica Mexicana 64:1-18.Arroyo-Cosultchi, G., T. Terrazas, S. Arias and H. J. Arreola-Nava. 2006. The systematic signifi cance of seed morphology in Stenocereus (Cactaceae). Taxon 55:983-992.Barthlott, W. and D. R. Hunt. 2000. Seed diversity in the Cactaceae subfamily Cactoideae. Succulent Plant Research 5:1-173.Cattabriga, A. 2004. Backebergia militaris. Cactus and Company 8:131-162.Glass, C. and R. Foster. 1970. Mexico logbook. Cactus and Succulent Journal (Los Angeles) 42:268.Mauseth, J. D., T. Terrazas, M. Vázquez-Sánchez, and S. Arias. 2005. Field observations on Backebergia and other cacti from Balsas Basin, Mexico. Cactus and Succulent Journal (Los Angeles) 77:2-13.Moran, R. 1962a. Pachycereus orcuttii – a puzzle solved. Cactus and Succulent Journal (Los Angeles) 34:88-94.Moran, R. 1962b. The unique Cereus of Rosario Bay. Cactus and Succulent Journal (Los Angeles) 34:184-188.Rowley, G. 1994. Spontaneus bigeneric hybrid in Cactaceae. Bradleya 12:2-7.Rowley, G. 2004. Intergeneric hybrid in Cactaceae - 2004 update. British Cactus and Succulent Journal 22:64-65.Vázquez-Sánchez, M. 2002. El cefalio de Pachycereus militaris (Audot) Hunt (Cactaceae): morfología y anatomía. Tesis, Facultad de Estudios Superiores de Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Tlalnepantla, Estado de México. 48 p.Appendix 1. Seed morphology descriptionsPachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Fig. 4a, b) (Arias 986 MEXU; Terrazas 415, 419a, 419b 478 CHAPA). Seed oval, 3.35-4.78 x 2.24-3.44 mm, black-brown, glossy, the periphery slightly keeled; border slightly expanded around hilum; cells gradually smaller toward hilum, in lateral region isodiametric-polygonal, anticlinal boundaries inconspicuous, straight; interstices uncommon on lateral region, minutely pitted in peripheral regions; relief fl at; micro-relief minutely rugose; HMR medium size, 1.34-2.27 mm, oblique, superfi cial.  ×Pachebergia apicicostata (Fig. 4c, d) (Terrazas et al. 673 MEXU). Seed oval, 4.30-4.78 x 2.64-3.46 mm, black-brown, glossy, the periphery slightly keeled; border slightly expanded around hilum; cells gradually smaller toward hilum, in lateral region isodiametric-polygonal, anticlinal boundaries inconspicuous, straight; interstices uncommon on lateral region, minutely pitted on peripheral regions; relief fl at; micro-relief minutely rugose; HMR medium size, 1.42-1.60 mm, oblique, superfi cial.Backebergia militaris (Fig. 4e, f) (Arias 1332, 1336, 1338, 1339 MEXU; Terrazas 391 CHAPA). Seed oval, 3.81-5.13 x 2.57-3.80 mm; black, glossy, the periphery keeled in the dorsal and apical region; border slightly expanded around hilum; cells gradually smaller toward hilum, in lateral region isodiametric-polygonal, anticlinal boundaries evident in all regions, straight; interstices uncommon on lateral region, minutely pitted in peripheral regions; relief fl at; micro-relief minutely rugose; HMR medium size, 0.79-1.75 mm, oblique, fi nely impressed.

×Pachebergia (Cactaceae), un notogénero del occidente de México

https://revista.ib.unam.mx/index.php/bio/article/download/531/1971

×Pachebergia (Cactaceae), un notogénero del occidente de México

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Directory of Open Access Journals