Klikocka, Hanna

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Hanna Klikocka and Marian Wesolowski / Landbauforschung Völkenrode 314 (50):145-149 145 Effect of Different Soil Cultivation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Economic Parameters of Spring Triticale in Poland Hanna Klikocka and Marian Wesolowskil Introduction High fertility of triticale is favourable to the increase of its growing. Triticale starts to be competitive not only for rye and barley growing, but even for wheat (Mackowak and al., 1993, and Mazurek, 1987, and Masarykova, 1997). First variety of spring triticale was introduced into cultivation in 1987. Borne on necessary soil tillage treat-ments and seed sowing, modern soil tillage technologies should- besides other purposes- influence the energy costs. Modem soil tillage or reduction of cultivation treatments can obtain this lirnitation (Korona and al.,1994). Simpli-fications of cultivation treatments cause decrease of grainyield, but this debasement isn't comparable with bome costs (Dzienia and al., 1994). Possibility of limita-tion of soil tillage should depend on type of the soil, its physical properties and abundance (Dziamba, 1982).Fer-tilization and plant preservation compose 50-65 % of costs in cost structure (Koziara and al., 1994). Many authors say that triticale should be fertilized in the doses of nitrogen and cultivated with the fertilization techniques sirnilarly as Summary wheat. Recommended doses are 60-120 kg N ha·l (Tarkowski, 1989). The purpose of this paper is the intro-duction of the effects by using different technologies of spring triticale cultivation connected with using different doses of mineral fertilization. Material and metbods In spring 1997, in Malice - a village near Zamosc (Po-land), there was started a two-factorial field experiment by split-plot method in four replications. The experirnent was carried out on leached brown soil, fonned from light loamy silty soil (texture: sand 57 %, silt 28 %, clay 15 %), poor soil with 1.65 % of humus.pH in the topsoil was 6.3 and 5.9 in the subsoil.Total nitrogen content was on aver-age 0.085 %. Content of plant aviable P in the topsoil (vanadium-molybden method according to Egner-Riehm; phosphorus with colorometric method and potassium with fotometric method) was 22.1mg P20 5 lOOg-1 and for K 17.lg-l K20 lOOg-1 .Content ofmagnesium was in aver-age 3.7 mg 100 g·' soil. Accumulation ofmanganese, cop-The experiment was dedicated to study the effect of soil tillage systems ( conventional and 2 simplified soil tillage me-thods) and three amounts ofnitrogen fertilization (60, 90, 120 kgN ha·I) on grain yield and economic parameters ofspring triticale. The highest grain yield and the best economic parameters of spring triticale was obtained using conventional soil tillage and 60 kgN ha·'.The use ofsimplifications in soil tillage systems ( resigning autumn ploughing) and higher amounts of nitrogen fertilizers caused to decreasing grain yield and to worse effectiveness index. Key Words: conventional soil tillage, sirnplified soil tillage, nitrogen fertilization, spring triticale, grainyield, economic parameters Zusammenfassung Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Bodenbearbeitungssysteme und Höhe der Stickstoffdüngung auf den Ertrag sowie ökonomische Parameter von Sommertriticale in Polen Der Versuch diente der Untersuchung des Einflusses von Bodenbearbeitung (konventionell und 2 vereinfachte Verfahren) und der Höhe der Stickstoffdüngung (60, 90, 120 kgN ha·') auf Ertrag sowie auf ökonomische Parameter von Sommertriti-cale. Der höchste Kornertrag und die besten ökonomischen Ergebnisse wurden mit konventioneller Bodenbearbeitung und einer Stickstoffgabe von 60 kgN ha·I erzielt. Die Anwendung vereinfachter Bodenbearbeitugsverfahren (Verzicht auf die Herbstfurche) und höhere Stickstoffgaben führten zu geringeren Kornerträgen und zu schlechteren Efftzienzindices. Schlüsselworte: konventionelle Bodenbearbeitung, vereinfachte Bodenbearbeitung, Stickstoffdüngung, Sommertriticale, Kornertrag, ökonomische Parameter 1 Agricultural University of Lublin, Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Zamosc, Poland 146 Hanna Klikocka and Marian Wesolowski / Landbauforschung Völkenrode 3/4 (50): 145-149 per and iron was the average content for mineral soils, and zinc content was rather high (Mn-91, Cu- 3.62, Fe-294 and Zn - 5,25 mg kg·' soil). On such characterised object there were marked 36 plots with an area of30 m2 each. Tue area ofplots put into har-vest was 19.5 m2 (3m.* 6.5m.). Tue crop preceding triti-cale have been potatoes, cattle-manure in a dose of 30 t ha·'. After harvesting potatoes there were carried out 3 dif-ferent soil tillage methods and 3 doses of nitrogen fertili-zation (60, 90, 120 kg N ha-t). Phosphorus-potassium fer-tilization depended on abundance of plant available forms and has been 90 kg P20 5 and 100 kg K 20 ha-t Methods of soil tillage have been as follows: A. Conventional soil tillage: medium ploughing in autumn, harrowing, cultivation, PK fertilization, har-rowing, sowing, harrowing in spring. B. Tue simplified soil tillage, with double cultivation: cul-tivation in autumn, cultivation, PK fertilization, har-rowing, sowing, and harrowing in spring. C. Tue simplified soil tillage, with simple cultivation: without tillage in autumn, cultivation, PK fertilization, harrowing, sowing, and harrowing in spring. Nitrogen fertilization was used in doses of 1 - 60, 2 - 90, 3 - 120 kg N ha-t. Fertilization was used three times: 1st dose - 1/3 before sowing; 2nd dose - 1/3 when vegetation started; 3rd dose - l/3 in phase of stalk shooting up. In the end of the spreading phase, there was used the herbicide Granstar in a dose of 20 g ha-t. Total rainfalls in the seasons 1997-1999 have been high-er by 161, 102 and 74 mm than the long-term sum of 358 mm. Only June 1997, and May and July 1999 have been dry, but other months ofthree years had higher rainfalls. In 1998 one didn't observe heavy droughts and rains. Gener-ally rainfalls in particular months of shown vegetation sea-sons were regular and didn't differentiate growth phases of triticale. Tue month averages of the air temperatures in the vegetation season in 1997-1999 were much higher than in a long term. June, July and August were particularly hot month. Generally, we can say that the vegetation seasons 1997-1999 were very warm and wet (table 1). In this experiment the grain yield of spring triticale has been in the center of interest. Labour consumption, energy input (MJ ha-t) and economical effectiveness index is counted by Maniecki cited by Lorencowicz ( 1996) and by Muzalewski (1997-1999). In the experiment traktor C-360 3p. (35 kW) and machines were used and calculated with 70 % energy demand for light soils and fields 100 m long (table 2). Costs of materials for triticale production and costs of triticale grain are mean costs in Zamosc region. Costs of human work are l hours work of traktor-worker. Energy effectiveness index was counted by Beres (1993). Tue use ofindex: 100 kg ofrye grain = 927,2 MJ. 1 oat feed unit = 7.6 MJ of netto energy. Besides one counted by Krasowicz and Podolska (1996) that, human labour is 40 MJ, nitrogen fertilizer (N) = 77 MJ kg-', phospohorus fertlizer (P20 5) = 14 MJ kg·', potassium fer-tilizers (K20) = 10 MJ kg-' and pesticides (A.S.) = 300 MJ kg-1, Obtained findings were fixed with statistic method cal-culating lowest significant differences (cx=0.05) with Tukey-test. Results and discussion Tue yield of springtriticale was on average 4.29 t ha-t. Methods of soil tillage and doses of nitrogen fertilization modified it. Tue highest yield was obtained using the con-ventional soil tillage (5.04 t ha-t), introducing simplifying technologies radically yield decrease was watched. Using Table 1. Sums of rainfall [mm} and temperature [OC] in the growing seasons 1997-1999 and in long-term period at Zamosc Tab.J : Niederschlagssummen (mm) und Temperatur (OC) in den Wachstumsperioden 1997-1999 im langjährigem Mittel in Zamosc Years 1997 1998 1999 1981-94 1997 1998 1998 1981-94 April 57 58 H4 .37 7,8 lQ,:1 ~M 7;;0 May 69 53 32 53 12;8 13,7 l~O iZ.9 June 28 124 rn8 73 Month Ramfa1I 16,0 l',7~~ .. 18,8 14~$ July 198 l1S 69 76 19,0. J.8,2 20,0 17 S .. , Aug. 93 67 58 :57 'l8;1 16,S '16.9 '16,6 Sept. 74 43 '51 62 13.4 IZ8 14,9 I2J Sum 519 460 432 358 2662 2724 2815 2474 Hanna Klikocka and Marian Wesolowski I Landbauforschung Völkenrode 3/4 (50):145-149 Table 2: Machines characteristics, usedfor spring triticale cu/tivation Tab.2: Kenndaten der für die Sommertriticaleproduktion benutzten Maschinen Macbine units Tractor + barrow Tractor + plougb Tractor + cuttivator Tractor + lime ,distributor Tractor + seed drill Tractor + sp~yer Grain combine Statfonacy 'press Tractor +tractor trailer Symbol 2 0.160 + u .:2,1212 C:.;.360 +U-02311 C-360+ N~-OlZ C.;.360 + S~052ll c;.360+ P.,-068/3 , 'BizanJSuperZ056/8 C „3:60+:Z224/1 :C-3'60+t~040 the simplified soil tillage with double cultivation made the yield lower by 0.96 t ha·I (19 %), and the soil tillage with simple cultivation by 1.31 t ha·I (26 %) in comparison with the conventional soil tillage (table 3). Such a radical decrease ofyield caused by realised simplifications, issued from radical debasement of stalks with spikes per m2 because in objects with simplified soil tillage methods this characteristic was fundamentally lower (10 % in average) than results obtained from plots with conventional soil tillage Similar results were obtained in works of Star-czewski and co-authors (1993,1995) and Oettller (1996), and Michalski (1993) and Royo (1997). Nitrogen fertilization modified the yield of triticale grain. The highest one was obtained using 60 kg N ha·I (4.67 t ha·l). Using 90 kg N ha-1 gave smaller yield, i.e. 4.46 t ha·l, and the highest dose decreased it fundamental-ly from the others on average by 18 % (table 3). These results are confirmed in works of Poznanski and Piech NondnäJ,power (k~ {M1) MechanicäJ labor ,consumption (b ,ba"1) Energy inout (MJ ba.r) (4*5*70%) 3 .3.5 35 35 35 35 35, 70 35 35 4 126 126 126 l26 126 126 252 126 126 ,, 5 0~4 2;5 1,0 0,5 0,7 0,5 1,0 1,0 5,0 6 35,28 220;50 88;20 44,10 61,74 44,lO 176,40 88,20 441,00 Table 3: Grainyield of spring triticale (t hO"') (0 1997-99) Tab. 3: Kornertrag von Sommertriticale (t hO"') (0 1997-99) Metbod ofSoihillage A B C Mean Nitrogen fertilizers lN 5.S4 4.S1 3.90 4;67 1,5N 453 4.12 3.82 :4.46 LSD(a==D;05) between so,il tillage = 0.43'; betweeil nürogen fertilization = 0,43; lnteractfortsoittillage*fertilizers = 0.74. 2N 4.16 3S7 3.48 3.73 Tab/e 4: Working hours ( hours hO"') and energy input (MJ hO"') in spring triticale cultivation Tab.4: Arbeitsstunden (h hO"') und Energieinput (MJ hcr'J für den Som-mertriticaleanbau Factors l'ill11ge A B C LN l;SN 2:'N Labour consumption Energy~put Mechanical Human Mechanical Humanlabout treatments 14.3 12.4 11..0 10.3 8;4 7.0 S72 496 440· 60 60, 60 5654 5487 5363 47S2 7062 9372 147 Mean 5.04 4.08 3.73 4.29 148 Hanna Klilrocka and Marian Wesolowski / Landbauforschung Völkenrode 3/4 (50): 145-149 Table 5: Total costs of spring triticale production (DM her') , ( 0 1997-1999) Tab.5: Gesamtkosten der Sommertriticaleproduktion (DM her'), (01997-1999) Specification of costs Tillage and cultivation N-fertilization PK-fertilization Seed and sowing Grain harvesting Straw harvesting Human labour Total production costs Value ofyield Profit Economical effektiveness index Energy effectiveness index 1 DM= 2.08 PLN A l N 61:.4 45.4 95.4 109,0 102.4' 3!U 3Ui 484.6 967,3 482.7 2.0l 4t63 oU 6Z;3 95.4 109]) 102JJ' 39.4 31,6 SöM 953,9 4S2.4 l.92 3.76 ·61.4 7!t2 95.4 109)0 102;4 3!M ll,.6 518.4 1,n.1 222;7 l.45 2.45 (1993) and Wrobel and Budzynski (1994)Nitrogen fertil-ization didn 't modify the stalks with spikes. lt was stated, that using simplifications of soil tillage decreases labour consumption and energy costs of machines' work and human labour (MJ) (table 4). Using conventional soil tillage ensures the most profitable index of energy effectiveness, connected with the lowest dose of nitrogen fertilization, i.e. 60 kg N ha·l (4.63), (table 5). Tue most profitable fmancial effect is ensured by conven-tional soil tillage with 60 kg N ha-1 (profit 482.7 DM ha-1, es;onomical effectiveness - 2.01). The use of simplifica-tions in soil tillage methods and higher doses (90 and 120 kg N ha-1) ofnitrogen is economically groundless, because they cause biological decrease of grainyield and increase costs of production. Tue costs of soil tillage is known in average l O % of production costs. Cost of nitrogen fertilization is 13 % of production costs. A large share in costs is PK fertilization (20 % ), that is why one should consider it in similar cate-gories. Highest costs in cultivation of spring triticale were determined seed and sowing (22 % ) and grain harvesting (with combine harvester 21 %). Human work in Poland is not expensive and costs mean 2 DM per hour (in 1997-2000) (7 % oftotal costs in cultivation of spring triticale). Simplifications in soil tillage methods can be recommend-ed only for organising reasons, because they have influ-ence only on decrease of labour consumption and increase - in effect- size of costs in soil cultivation (lower costs of production aren't made up by level of costs issuing from value of the yield, because yield is also smaller) (table 4,5). B 1 N 415 45.4 '95.4 109.0 IOVi 39.4 ~.& 466.9 792.1 325~2 l .. 71 3.90 47.S 62.3 9S.4 109.0 102.4 .39.4, .~1.8· 48U 122.4 238.6 l.Sl 2:90 Danksagung .41.S 79,2 95;4 '109:0 102.4 39,4 27'.8 5003 627.4 126}7 1.26 2.13 C I N 38.7 4S.4 95.4 109:0 102.4 39.4 2Ul 4SS.3 677.0 221.7 1.50 3.42 1,5N 38.7 62.3 9S.4 109;0 102.4 ;39,4 25.0 4n2 66Kl l 95,9 1.42 2.73 2 N 38.7 79.2 95A 109.0 l02.4 39.4 25.0 489.I 601.9 112.8 1.23 2.11 Hem Dr. Bramm danke für die wertvollen fachlichen Diskussionen während meines Aufenthaltes vom 15.06. bis 15.09.2000 in der FAL und die Durchsicht des Beitrages. Herrn Dipl.-Ing. Krentler habe ich für die Unterstützung bei der Übersetzung zu danken, Frau Fnhnnann für die Korrektur des Textes. Dank auch an den KAAD für die fmanzielle Unter-stützung des Deutschlandaufenthaltes. Rcfcrences Beres, G. (1993): Porownanie energochlonnosci zabiegow w uprawie ziemnniakow. Zesz. Nauk. AR w Szczecinie. 159: 17-22 Dziamba, Sz. (1982): Wplyw zmieMcgo uwilgotnienia i typu gleby na plonowanie i strukture plonu zyta, pszenicy i pszcnzyta Annales UMCS. Scctio E. Vol. XXXVII. 6: 57-65 Dzienia, S. and Piskier, T. and Wereszczaka, J. (1994): Wplyw uproszc-zonych sposobow uprawy glcby na naklady energetyczne i plonowanie pszenzyta ozimego. Zcsz. Nauk. AR w Szczecinie. Roln. LVIII. (162): 45-48 Korona, E. and Budzynski, W. and Fedcjko, B. (1994): Rolnicza i ener-getyczna occna roznych sposobow nawozenia azotem pszenzyta jarego. Zesz. Nauk. AR w Szczccinie. Roln. LVIII. (162): 79-84 Koziara, W. and Czajka, M. and Sobiech, S. (1994): Wplyw deszczowa-nia, nawozenia azotowego i stosowania berccmy CCC na plonowanie pszenzytajarego. Zesz. Nauk. AR w Szczecinie. Roln. LVIII. (162): 107-110 Krasowicz, S. and Podolska, G. (1996): Efcktywnosc energetycma uprawy pszenicy przy romej intcnsyfikacji produkcji. Rocm. Nauk Roln. Seria G. 88 (4): 113-126 Lorencowicz, E. (1996): Poradnik uzytkowania techniki rolniczej w tabelach. 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(1993): Wplyw wzrastajacych dawek azotu i regulatorow wzrostu na plon, strukture i wartosc wypiekowa pszen-zyta jarego. Cz. I. Plon ziarna i komponenty plonu. Biul. Inst. Hod. i Aklimat. Rosl. 186: 57-66 Royo, C. (1997): Grain yield and yield components as affected by forage removal in winter and spring triticale. Grassand Forage Science. Vol. 52: 63-72 Starczewski, J., Bombik, A., Korsak, M. and Tretowski, J. ( 1993): Mody-fikacyjny wplyw sposobow uprawy na zmiennosc cech ilosciowych wybranych odmian pszenzyta jarego. Zesz. Nauk. AR we Wroclaw-iu. Roln. LVIII (223):165-173 Starczewski, J., Korsak, M. and Skrzyczynski, T. (1995): Wplyw przed-siewnej uprawy roli na plonowanie pszenzyta jarego. Zesz. Nauk. Wyz. Szkoly Roln.-Pedagog. W Siedlach. Seria Roln .. 39: 7-13 Tarkowski, Cz. (1989): Biologia pszenzyta. PWN Warszawa Wrobel, E. and Budzynski, W. (1994): Porownanie romych technologii uprawy pszenzytajarego. Zesz. Nauk. AR w Szczecinie. Roln. LVIII. (162): 293-2% 149 

Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Bodenbearbeitungssysteme und Höhe der Stickstoffdüngung auf den Ertrag sowie ökonomische Parameter von Sommertriticale in Polen

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Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Bodenbearbeitungssysteme und Höhe der Stickstoffdüngung auf den Ertrag sowie ökonomische Parameter von Sommertriticale in Polen

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