In this paper, we present a case study, which describe the development of the Statistic e-learning-course in Arabic language –``Arabic MM*STAT´´. The basic frame forthis E-book, the system MM*STAT was developed at the School for Business and Economics of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Arabic MM*STAT uses a HTML - based filing card structure. We discuss the difficulties of the implementation of such a system in to the standard WWW formats and present the solutions needed for Arab educational institutions and the Arabic user. Those solutions are consistent with the Arabic language, and include the modern trend in the e-learning environment.electronic books, Arabtex, MM*STAT, Statistical software

Julius Mungo

Taleb Ahmad

Wolfgang Härdle

English

Research Papers in Economics

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SFB 649 Discussion Paper 2006-062 
On the Difficulty to 
Design Arabic E-learning 
System in Statistics 
 
Taleb Ahmad* 
Wolfgang Härdle* 
Julius Mungo* 
 
 
* Department of Statistics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 
Germany 
 
This research was supported by the Deutsche 
Forschungsgemeinschaft through the SFB 649 "Economic Risk". 
 
http://sfb649.wiwi.hu-berlin.de 
ISSN 1860-5664 
 
SFB 649, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 
Spandauer Straße 1, D-10178 Berlin 
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 On the Difﬁculty to Design Arabic E-learning
System in Statistics ∗
Taleb Ahmad - Wolfgang H¨ ardle - Julius Mungo
Humboldt-Universit¨ at zu Berlin
Department of Statistics
Spandauer Str. 1
D-10178 Berlin
March 22, 2006
Abstract
In this paper, we present a case study, which describe the development of the Statis-
tic e-learning-course in Arabic language –”Arabic MM*STAT”. The basic frame for
this E-book, the system MM*STAT was developed at the School for Business and Eco-
nomics of Humboldt-Universit¨ at zu Berlin. Arabic MM*STAT uses a HTML - based
ﬁling card structure. We discuss the difﬁculties of the implementation of such a system
in to the standard WWW formats and present the solutions needed for Arab educational
institutions and the Arabic user. Those solutions are consistent with the Arabic lan-
guage, and include the modern trend in the e-learning environment.
Keywords: electronic books, Arabtex, MM*STAT, Statistical software.
JEL Classiﬁcation I21, C19
∗This research was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through the SFB 649 ‘Economic
Risk’. Corresponding author: Taleb Ahmad, Center for Applied Statistics and Economics, Humboldt-
Universit¨ at zu Berlin, Department of Statistics, Spandauer Str. 1, D-10178 Berlin, Germany, email:
tahmad@wiwi.hu-berlin.de1 Introduction
E-Learning is the modern model of education, transferring the classical text books to an
electronic medium. It has become an important stream of education in present and has a
promising future. E-Learning uses net work technology to manage, design, deliver, select,
and extend classical learning. Our approach, based on the MM*STAT, provides a ﬂexible
e-learning Statistic environment, created at the institute of Statistics and Economics of the
Humboldt Universit¨ at zu Berlin. It provides e-learning of Statistics in many languages that
include English, German, French, Polish, Czech, Spanish, Italian ; see http://www.md-
stat.com. Our main aim in this project is to extend e-learning concept to include the Arabic
language. Originally the MD*Book is a ﬂexible user interface tool for generating user in-
teractive e-learning documents such as MM*STAT. This tool uses the LaTeX format ﬁle to
enable compilation into PDF, Java, HTML. We aim to use the LaTeX ﬁle format for creating
an Arabic text. As we will show this remains a problem, basically caused by the incom-
patibility of the standard Latex2html with the phenomenons of the Arabic typography. The
learning system (Arabic MM*STAT) has been implemented in the website: http://www.md-
stat.com. In what follows, we present in section 2 an Arabic MM*STAT description. And
discuss in section 3 the difﬁculties to design the Arabic MM*STAT which involves the Ara-
bic style and the technical problems. In section 4 we summarize our work, given a direction
for the future on Arabic LaTeX.
12 Arabic MM*STAT
Arabic MM*STAT is a Web-based learning platform that provides a fully integrated student
environment to learn statistics. MM*STAT allows an interactive introduction into the world
of statistics. The goal of Arabic MM*STAT designer is :
1. To contribute to the evolution of Statistics e-learning by the development of an efﬁcient
system.
2. To create an Arabic MM*STAT, because there were not enough Arabic statistic e-
learning platforms. The purpose of this study is to develop a platform that will be used
completely in Arabic, together with other languages such as English and German.
We know that the Arabic language is different from English and other languages in a
number of respects:
1. Arabic language is written from right to left.
2. It is possible to form hundreds of words from one root word (al- Fedaghi and al-
Sadoun, 1990).
3. In Arabic the deﬁnite article and prepositions, are not separated from their following
word by a space, on another hand some words have different meanings but have the
same written form.
4. The peculiar morphology of Arabic might render methods used for English text re-
trieval inappropriate. For example, the English phrase ”and she wrote it” compris-
ing of four words would be written in Arabic as one word ”wakatabathu” (wa=and,
kataba=wrote, t=she,hu=it). Moukdad, H., Andrew, L., (2001). Generally, the difﬁ-
culty with someone who has translated a software product into another language to
get a realistic picture of the challenges. Not only are there vocabularies the trans-
lator might not know, but they also must adapt sentence structure, signiﬁcance, and
colloquialisms to convey equivalent meaning.
23 Difﬁculties to design, an Arabic MM*STAT
We now discuss some practical and technical problems. The development of MM*Stat by
(M¨ uller, M., R¨ onz, B., Ziegenhagen, U., 2000) has been the ﬁrst step in the transition from
traditional textbooks to integrated learning environments. This project is with multiple lan-
guages and our goal is to apply this project in Arabic language. To do this, one needs Arabic
WindowsXP version, as atoolto writethe Arabiccode. We thenhave totranslate ourarticles
in Arabic Microsoft Word, and save the ﬁles with unicode (ﬁle.unicode). Another problem
is the direction. Writing in Arabic is from right to left but the direction in HTML appears
from left to right, which technical problem for working in Arabic. What is the solution for
this problem? To solve this problem we use the code dir = ”rtl” in HTML ﬁle at every
paragraph and link - Figure - Table and the statistics forms, then the direction of the writing
changes from right to left.
MD*Book Software environment requires LaTeX. Another problem is the LaTeX Format.
Arab text does not work with LaTeX . We aim to ﬁnding a solution to this problem in our
project. There was a project for Arabtex in LaTeX presented by Prof. Klaus Lagally -
Universitt Stuttgart. This project was a good step but it is not enough, because the letter in
Arab text in this project was written with English, not with Arabic and this project did not
have the ability to reduce Statistics on an Arabic Website. This project uses only PDF, not
HTML. To summarize, the goal of my work is to create an electronic book in Arabic using
LaTeX source code and the MD*Book tool.
3Arabic MM*STAT Realisation
Figure 1 presents Arabic MM*STAT - Cover Page. Figure 2 presents Arabic MM*STAT
- Content Page. The user can enter the courses topics via a list of contents and can go to any
desired topic or course chapter. By hovering the mouse pointer over a selected course ﬁle for
a few seconds will appear to identify the course topic.
Figure 1: Arabic MM*STAT - Cover Page
Figure 2: Arabic MM*STAT - Content Page
Figure 3 shows a graphical user interface (GUI) of a statistic topic in Arabic MM*STAT
4and Figure 4 shows the corresponding English version.
Figure 3: Arabic MM*Stat: Layer Architecture and Screenshot
Figure 4: English MM*Stat: Layer Architecture and Screenshot
The Arabic MM*STAT Course has ﬁve components structures; the lecture, information,
explained, enhanced and interactive. Each lecture gives the basic concepts of the general
statistical theory, deﬁnitions, formulae, mathematical proofs. Arabic MM*Stat provides the
students to compute distribution functions, graphics and derive results for statistical tests.
The students or anyone interested in statistics can interactively learn about basic concepts of
statistics at any time and anywhere.
54 Conclusion
This is the possibility of creating an e-learning system with Arabic MM*STAT. And dis-
cussed the problems encountered, both in the context of the Arabic language itself and the
technical problems, which is the nonexistence of a possibility to use LaTeX code in Arabic.
Our next goal is to explore possible solutions to the problem of Arabic LaTeX. Actually the
goal has to do with XML.
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7 
SFB 649 Discussion Paper Series 2006 
 
For a complete list of Discussion Papers published by the SFB 649, 
please visit http://sfb649.wiwi.hu-berlin.de. 
 
001  "Calibration Risk for Exotic Options" by Kai Detlefsen and Wolfgang K. 
Härdle, January 2006. 
002  "Calibration Design of Implied Volatility Surfaces" by Kai Detlefsen and 
Wolfgang K. Härdle, January 2006. 
003  "On the Appropriateness of Inappropriate VaR Models" by Wolfgang 
Härdle, Zdeněk Hlávka and Gerhard Stahl, January 2006. 
004  "Regional Labor Markets, Network Externalities and Migration: The Case 
of German Reunification" by Harald Uhlig, January/February 2006. 
005  "British Interest Rate Convergence between the US and Europe: A 
Recursive Cointegration Analysis" by Enzo Weber, January 2006. 
006  "A Combined Approach for Segment-Specific Analysis of Market Basket 
Data" by Yasemin Boztuğ and Thomas Reutterer, January 2006. 
007  "Robust utility maximization in a stochastic factor model" by Daniel 
Hernández–Hernández and Alexander Schied, January 2006. 
008  "Economic Growth of Agglomerations and Geographic Concentration of 
Industries - Evidence for Germany" by Kurt Geppert, Martin Gornig and 
Axel Werwatz, January 2006. 
009  "Institutions, Bargaining Power and Labor Shares" by Benjamin Bental 
and Dominique Demougin, January 2006. 
010 "Common  Functional  Principal Components" by Michal Benko, Wolfgang 
Härdle and Alois Kneip, Jauary 2006. 
011  "VAR Modeling for Dynamic Semiparametric Factors of Volatility Strings" 
by Ralf Brüggemann, Wolfgang Härdle, Julius Mungo and Carsten 
Trenkler, February 2006. 
012  "Bootstrapping Systems Cointegration Tests with a Prior Adjustment for 
Deterministic Terms" by Carsten Trenkler, February 2006. 
013  "Penalties and Optimality in Financial Contracts: Taking Stock" by 
Michel A. Robe, Eva-Maria Steiger and Pierre-Armand Michel, February 
2006. 
014  "Core Labour Standards and FDI: Friends or Foes? The Case of Child 
Labour" by Sebastian Braun, February 2006. 
015  "Graphical Data Representation in Bankruptcy Analysis" by Wolfgang 
Härdle, Rouslan Moro and Dorothea Schäfer, February 2006. 
016  "Fiscal Policy Effects in the European Union" by Andreas Thams, 
February 2006. 
017  "Estimation with the Nested Logit Model: Specifications and Software 
Particularities" by Nadja Silberhorn, Yasemin Boztuğ and Lutz 
Hildebrandt, March 2006. 
018  "The Bologna Process: How student mobility affects multi-cultural skills 
and educational quality"  by Lydia Mechtenberg and Roland Strausz, 
March 2006. 
019  "Cheap Talk in the Classroom" by Lydia Mechtenberg, March 2006. 
020  "Time Dependent Relative Risk Aversion"  by Enzo Giacomini, Michael 
Handel and Wolfgang Härdle, March 2006. 
021  "Finite Sample Properties of Impulse Response Intervals in SVECMs with 
Long-Run Identifying Restrictions" by Ralf Brüggemann, March 2006. 
022  "Barrier Option Hedging under Constraints: A Viscosity Approach" by 
Imen Bentahar and Bruno Bouchard, March 2006. 
 
SFB 649, Spandauer Straße 1, D-10178 Berlin 
http://sfb649.wiwi.hu-berlin.de 
 
This research was supported by the Deutsche 
Forschungsgemeinschaft through the SFB 649 "Economic Risk".  
 
 
 
023  "How Far Are We From The Slippery Slope? The Laffer Curve Revisited" 
by Mathias Trabandt and Harald Uhlig, April 2006. 
024  "e-Learning Statistics – A Selective Review" by Wolfgang Härdle, Sigbert 
Klinke and Uwe Ziegenhagen, April 2006. 
025  "Macroeconomic Regime Switches and Speculative Attacks" by Bartosz 
Maćkowiak, April 2006. 
026  "External Shocks, U.S. Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Fluctuations 
in Emerging Markets" by Bartosz Maćkowiak, April 2006. 
027  "Institutional Competition, Political Process and Holdup" by Bruno 
Deffains and Dominique Demougin, April 2006. 
028  "Technological Choice under Organizational Diseconomies of Scale" by 
Dominique Demougin and Anja Schöttner, April 2006. 
029  "Tail Conditional Expectation for vector-valued Risks" by Imen Bentahar, 
April 2006. 
030  "Approximate Solutions to Dynamic Models – Linear Methods" by Harald 
Uhlig, April 2006. 
031  "Exploratory Graphics of a Financial Dataset" by Antony Unwin, Martin 
Theus and Wolfgang Härdle, April 2006. 
032  "When did the 2001 recession really start?" by Jörg Polzehl, Vladimir 
Spokoiny and Cătălin Stărică, April 2006. 
033  "Varying coefficient GARCH versus local constant volatility modeling. 
Comparison of the predictive power" by Jörg Polzehl and Vladimir 
Spokoiny, April 2006. 
034  "Spectral calibration of exponential Lévy Models [1]" by Denis 
Belomestny and Markus Reiß, April 2006. 
035  "Spectral calibration of exponential Lévy Models [2]" by Denis 
Belomestny and Markus Reiß, April 2006. 
036  "Spatial aggregation of local likelihood estimates with applications to 
classification" by Denis Belomestny and Vladimir Spokoiny, April 2006. 
037  "A jump-diffusion Libor model and its robust calibration" by Denis 
Belomestny and John Schoenmakers, April 2006. 
038  "Adaptive Simulation Algorithms for Pricing American and Bermudan 
Options by Local Analysis of Financial Market" by Denis Belomestny and 
Grigori N. Milstein, April 2006. 
039  "Macroeconomic Integration in Asia Pacific: Common Stochastic Trends 
and Business Cycle Coherence" by Enzo Weber, May 2006. 
040  "In Search of Non-Gaussian Components of a High-Dimensional 
Distribution" by Gilles Blanchard, Motoaki Kawanabe, Masashi Sugiyama, 
Vladimir Spokoiny and Klaus-Robert Müller, May 2006. 
041  "Forward and reverse representations for Markov chains" by Grigori N. 
Milstein, John G. M. Schoenmakers and Vladimir Spokoiny, May 2006. 
042  "Discussion of 'The Source of Historical Economic Fluctuations: An 
Analysis using Long-Run Restrictions' by Neville Francis and Valerie A. 
Ramey" by Harald Uhlig, May 2006. 
043  "An Iteration Procedure for Solving Integral Equations Related to Optimal 
Stopping Problems" by Denis Belomestny and Pavel V. Gapeev, May 
2006. 
044  "East Germany’s Wage Gap: A non-parametric decomposition based on 
establishment characteristics" by Bernd Görzig, Martin Gornig and Axel 
Werwatz, May 2006. 
045  "Firm Specific Wage Spread in Germany - Decomposition of regional 
differences in inter firm wage dispersion" by Bernd Görzig, Martin Gornig 
and Axel Werwatz, May 2006. 
 
 
SFB 649, Spandauer Straße 1, D-10178 Berlin 
http://sfb649.wiwi.hu-berlin.de 
 
This research was supported by the Deutsche 
Forschungsgemeinschaft through the SFB 649 "Economic Risk".  
046 "Produktdiversifizierung:  Haben  die ostdeutschen Unternehmen den 
  Anschluss an den Westen geschafft? – Eine vergleichende Analyse mit 
  Mikrodaten der amtlichen Statistik" by Bernd Görzig, Martin Gornig and 
  Axel Werwatz, May 2006. 
047  "The Division of Ownership in New Ventures" by Dominique Demougin 
  and Oliver Fabel, June 2006. 
048  "The Anglo-German Industrial Productivity Paradox, 1895-1938: A 
  Restatement and a Possible Resolution" by Albrecht Ritschl, May 2006. 
049  "The Influence of Information Costs on the Integration of Financial 
  Markets: Northern Europe, 1350-1560" by Oliver Volckart, May 2006. 
050  "Robust Econometrics" by Pavel Čížek and Wolfgang Härdle, June 2006. 
051  "Regression methods in pricing American and Bermudan options using 
  consumption processes" by Denis Belomestny, Grigori N. Milstein and 
  Vladimir Spokoiny, July 2006. 
052  "Forecasting the Term Structure of Variance Swaps"  by Kai Detlefsen 
  and Wolfgang Härdle, July 2006. 
053  "Governance: Who Controls Matters" by Bruno Deffains and Dominique 
 Demougin,  July  2006. 
054  "On the Coexistence of Banks and Markets" by Hans Gersbach and 
  Harald Uhlig, August 2006. 
055  "Reassessing Intergenerational Mobility in Germany and the United 
  States: The Impact of Differences in Lifecycle Earnings Patterns" by 
  Thorsten Vogel, September 2006. 
056  "The Euro and the Transatlantic Capital Market Leadership: A Recursive 
 Cointegration  Analysis"  by  Enzo Weber, September 2006. 
057  "Discounted Optimal Stopping for Maxima in Diffusion Models with Finite 
  Horizon" by Pavel V. Gapeev, September 2006. 
058  "Perpetual Barrier Options in Jump-Diffusion Models" by Pavel V. 
  Gapeev, September 2006. 
059  "Discounted Optimal Stopping for Maxima of some Jump-Diffusion 
  Processes" by Pavel V. Gapeev, September 2006. 
060  "On Maximal Inequalities for some Jump Processes" by Pavel V. Gapeev, 
 September  2006. 
061  "A Control Approach to Robust Utility Maximization with Logarithmic 
  Utility and Time-Consistent Penalties" by Daniel Hernández–Hernández 
  and Alexander Schied, September 2006. 
062  "On the Difficulty to Design Arabic E-learning System in Statistics" by 
  Taleb Ahmad, Wolfgang Härdle and Julius Mungo, September 2006. 
 
SFB 649, Spandauer Straße 1, D-10178 Berlin 
http://sfb649.wiwi.hu-berlin.de 
 
This research was supported by the Deutsche 
Forschungsgemeinschaft through the SFB 649 "Economic Risk". 

A Combined Approach for Segment-Specific Analysis of Market Basket Data&quot; by Yasemin Boztuğ and Thomas Reutterer,

A Control Approach to Robust Utility Maximization with Logarithmic Utility and Time-Consistent Penalties&quot; by Daniel Hernández–Hernández and Alexander Schied,

A jump-diffusion Libor model and its robust calibration&quot; by Denis Belomestny and

Adaptive Simulation Algorithms for Pricing American and Bermudan Options by Local Analysis of Financial Market&quot; by Denis Belomestny and Grigori

An Iteration Procedure for Solving Integral Equations Related to Optimal Stopping Problems&quot; by Denis Belomestny

Approximate Solutions to Dynamic Models – Linear Methods&quot; by Harald Uhlig,

ArabTeX : a System for Typesetting Arabic : User Manual Version 3.00, Universitt Stuttgart,

Barrier Option Hedging under Constraints: A Viscosity Approach&quot; by Imen Bentahar

Bootstrapping Systems Cointegration Tests with a Prior Adjustment for Deterministic Terms&quot; by Carsten Trenkler,

British Interest Rate Convergence between the US and Europe: A Recursive Cointegration Analysis&quot; by Enzo Weber,

Calibration Design of Implied Volatility Surfaces&quot; by Kai Detlefsen

Calibration Risk for Exotic Options&quot; by Kai Detlefsen

Cheap Talk in the Classroom&quot; by Lydia Mechtenberg,

Common Functional Principal Components&quot; by Michal Benko, Wolfgang Härdle and Alois Kneip,

Core Labour Standards and FDI: Friends or Foes? The Case of Child Labour&quot; by Sebastian Braun,

Discounted Optimal Stopping for Maxima in Diffusion Models with Finite Horizon&quot; by

Discounted Optimal Stopping for Maxima of some Jump-Diffusion Processes&quot; by

Discussion of 'The Source of Historical Economic Fluctuations: An Analysis using Long-Run Restrictions' by Neville Francis and Valerie A. Ramey&quot; by Harald Uhlig,

e-Learning Statistics – A Selective Review&quot; by Wolfgang Härdle, Sigbert Klinke and Uwe Ziegenhagen,

East Germany’s Wage Gap: A non-parametric decomposition based on establishment characteristics&quot; by Bernd Görzig, Martin Gornig and Axel Werwatz,

Economic Growth of Agglomerations and Geographic Concentration of Industries - Evidence for Germany&quot; by Kurt Geppert, Martin Gornig and Axel Werwatz,

English to Arabic Transliteration for Information Retrieval: A Statistical Approach,

Estimation with the Nested Logit Model: Specifications and Software Particularities&quot; by Nadja Silberhorn, Yasemin Boztuğ and Lutz Hildebrandt,

Exploratory Graphics of a Financial Dataset&quot; by Antony Unwin, Martin Theus and Wolfgang Härdle,

Finite Sample Properties of Impulse Response Intervals in SVECMs with Long-Run Identifying Restrictions&quot; by Ralf Brüggemann,

Firm Specific Wage Spread in Germany - Decomposition of regional differences in inter firm wage dispersion&quot; by Bernd Görzig, Martin Gornig and Axel Werwatz,

Fiscal Policy Effects in the European Union&quot; by Andreas Thams,

For a complete list of Discussion Papers published by the SFB 649, please visit http://sfb649.wiwi.hu-berlin.de.

Forecasting the Term Structure of Variance Swaps&quot; by Kai Detlefsen and Wolfgang Härdle,

Governance: Who Controls Matters&quot; by Bruno Deffains and Dominique Demougin,

Graphical Data Representation in Bankruptcy Analysis&quot; by Wolfgang Härdle, Rouslan Moro and Dorothea Schäfer,

How Far Are We From The Slippery Slope? The Laffer Curve Revisited&quot; by Mathias Trabandt

In Search of Non-Gaussian Components of a High-Dimensional Distribution&quot; by Gilles Blanchard, Motoaki Kawanabe, Masashi Sugiyama, Vladimir Spokoiny and Klaus-Robert Müller,

Institutions, Bargaining Power and Labor Shares&quot; by Benjamin Bental and Dominique Demougin,

Macroeconomic Integration in Asia Pacific: Common Stochastic Trends and Business Cycle Coherence&quot; by Enzo Weber,

Macroeconomic Regime Switches and Speculative Attacks&quot; by Bartosz Maćkowiak,

Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Fluctuations in Emerging Markets&quot; by Bartosz Maćkowiak,

On Maximal Inequalities for some Jump Processes&quot; by

On the Appropriateness of Inappropriate VaR Models&quot; by Wolfgang Härdle, Zdeněk Hlávka

On the Coexistence of Banks and Markets&quot; by Hans Gersbach and Harald Uhlig,

On the Difficulty to Design Arabic E-learning System in Statistics&quot; by Taleb Ahmad, Wolfgang Härdle and

Penalties and Optimality in Financial Contracts: Taking Stock&quot; by

Perpetual Barrier Options in Jump-Diffusion Models&quot; by

Political Process and Holdup&quot; by Bruno Deffains and Dominique Demougin,

Produktdiversifizierung: Haben die ostdeutschen Unternehmen den Anschluss an den Westen geschafft? – Eine vergleichende Analyse mit Mikrodaten der amtlichen Statistik&quot; by Bernd Görzig, Martin Gornig and Axel Werwatz,

Reassessing Intergenerational Mobility in Germany and the United States: The Impact of Differences in Lifecycle Earnings Patterns&quot; by Thorsten Vogel,

Regional Labor Markets, Network Externalities and Migration: The Case of German Reunification&quot; by Harald Uhlig,

Regression methods in pricing American and Bermudan options using consumption processes&quot; by Denis Belomestny, Grigori N. Milstein and Vladimir Spokoiny,

reverse representations for Markov chains&quot; by Grigori

Robust Econometrics&quot; by Pavel Čížek and Wolfgang Härdle,

Robust utility maximization in a stochastic factor model&quot; by Daniel Hernández–Hernández and Alexander Schied,

Spatial aggregation of local likelihood estimates with applications to classification&quot; by Denis Belomestny and Vladimir Spokoiny,

Spectral calibration of exponential Lévy Models [1]&quot; by Denis Belomestny and Markus Reiß,

Spectral calibration of exponential Lévy Models [2]&quot; by Denis Belomestny and Markus Reiß,

Tail Conditional Expectation for vector-valued Risks&quot; by Imen Bentahar,

Technological Choice under Organizational Diseconomies of Scale&quot; by Dominique Demougin and Anja Schöttner,

The Anglo-German Industrial Productivity Paradox, 1895-1938: A Restatement and a Possible Resolution&quot; by Albrecht Ritschl,

The Bologna Process: How student mobility affects multi-cultural skills and educational quality&quot; by Lydia Mechtenberg

The Division of Ownership in New Ventures&quot; by Dominique Demougin and Oliver Fabel,

The Euro and the Transatlantic Capital Market Leadership: A Recursive Cointegration Analysis&quot; by Enzo Weber,

The Influence of Information Costs on the Integration of Financial Markets: Northern Europe, 1350-1560&quot; by Oliver Volckart,

Time Dependent Relative Risk Aversion&quot; by Enzo Giacomini, Michael Handel and Wolfgang Härdle,

VAR Modeling for Dynamic Semiparametric Factors of Volatility Strings&quot; by Ralf Brüggemann, Wolfgang Härdle, Julius Mungo and Carsten Trenkler,

Varying coefficient GARCH versus local constant volatility modeling. Comparison of the predictive power&quot; by Jörg Polzehl and Vladimir Spokoiny,

When did the 2001 recession really start?&quot; by Jörg Polzehl, Vladimir Spokoiny and Cătălin Stărică,

On the Difficulty to Design Arabic E-learning System in Statistics

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