Painlevé equations, topological type property and reconstruction by the topological recursion

Abstract

55 pages, Minor typos correctedInternational audienceIn this article, we prove that we can introduce a small $\hbar$ parameter in the six Painlevé equations through their corresponding Lax pairs and Hamiltonian formulations. Moreover, we prove that these $\hbar$-deformed Lax pairs satisfy the Topological Type property proposed by Bergère, Borot and Eynard for any generic choice of the monodromy parameters. Consequently we show that one can reconstruct the formal $\hbar$ series expansion of the tau-function and of the determinantal formulas by applying the so-called topological recursion on the spectral curve attached to the Lax pair in all six Painlevé cases. Eventually we illustrate the former results with the explicit computations of the first orders of the six tau-functions