This issue brief compares projected savings from drilling in presently restricted offshore zones and savings if the nation had continued adjusting fuel efficiency standards at 1980-1985 rates. The issue brief projects savings through 2027, the year in which offshore drilling would reach peak capacity.offshore drilling, energy conservation, fuel efficiency

Dean Baker

Nichole Szembrot

English

Research Papers in Economics

Issue Brief • June 2008   
 
 
Offshore Drilling and Energy Conservation: 
The Relative Impact on Gas Prices 
 
BY DEAN BAKER AND NICHOLE SZEMBROT* 
 
Senator McCain recently proposed opening up environmentally sensitive offshore zones to oil drilling 
in response to the recent jump in oil and gas prices. He argues that increased offshore production will 
reduce dependence on foreign oil, in addition to lowering gas prices. 
 
However, the Energy Information Agency (EIA) projects that Senator McCain’s proposal would have 
no impact in the near-term since it will be close to a decade before the first oil can be extracted from 
the currently protected offshore areas. The EIA projects that production will reach 200,000 barrels a 
day (0.2 percent of projected world production) at peak production in close to twenty years. It describes 
this amount as too small to have any significant effect on oil prices.
1  
 
By contrast, the United States barely changed its auto fuel efficiency standards from 1985 until 2005. 
This followed a 5-year period in which the fuel efficiency standard for cars was raised by 7.5 miles per 
gallon (MPG) from 20.0 MPG in 1980 to 27.5 MPG in 1985, an increase of 1.5 MPG per year. The fuel 
efficiency standards for light trucks were increased by 5.5 MPG over this period, from 14.5 MPG in 
1980 to 19.5 MPG in 1985, a rate of 1.1 MPG per year.  
 
These standards were virtually unchanged over the next 22 years. In 2007, the standard for cars was still 
27.5 MPG. The standard for light trucks had been raised to 22.2 MPG, but almost all of the increase 
was in the last 3 years. It is possible to imagine a counterfactual in which the country continued to 
increase Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards after 1985. 
 
If, instead of holding them constant, the government had increased mileage standards after 1985 at the 
rate of 0.4 MPG per year for both cars and light trucks (a much slower pace of increase than in the 
period from 1980 to 1985), then the standard for cars in 2007 would have been 36.8 MPG and the 
standard for light trucks would have been 28.3 MPG. The average for the current fleet of cars on the 
road would be over 32 miles per gallon.
2  
 
* Dean Baker is Co-Director and Nichole Szembrot is a Domestic Intern at the Center for Economic and Policy Research 
in Washington, DC. 
                                                 
1 The projections for oil output from the protected areas can be found in: United States. Department of Energy, Energy 
Information Agency. Annual Energy Outlook with Projections to 2030. Washington: GPO, 2007. Accessed online at 
[http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/archive/aeo07/issues.html].  
2 This calculation is based on a number of simplifying assumptions. It assumes that ten percent of the cars of a model year 
are pull off the road each year or driven less frequently. So a 2006 car would be on average driven 90 percent as much as a 
2007 car and 81 percent as much as a 2008 car (0.9*0.9). It assumes that cars are pulled off the road altogether after 20 years. 
The calculation also assumes that an equal number of cars and trucks are sold each year and that the number of cars sold 
each year has been constant over the last twenty years. The data on fuel efficiency standards can be found in: United States. 
Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1980-2007. Summary of Fuel Economy 
Performance. Washington, GPO: 2005. Accessed online on March 3, 2008. 
[http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem.43ac99aefa80569eea57529cdba046a0/] Center for Economic and Policy Research • 2 
  
 
If fuel efficiency had improved at this rate, then the average car on the road would be more than 50 
percent more fuel efficient than is currently the case (32 miles per gallon compared with 20.2 miles per 
gallon). If increased efficiency did not change the number of miles driven each year, then this would 
imply a reduction of more than one-third in the amount of oil used for the country gasoline needs. This 
savings would be equal to approximately 3,300,000 barrels per day.
3 
 
FIGURE 1 
The Relative Impact of Offshore Drilling and Fuel Efficiency Standards 
 
Source: Energy Information Agency and authors’ calculations, see text. 
 
Figure 1 compares the projected increase in oil production for 2027 compared with the 2027 baseline 
scenario, if the country opens up protected offshore areas for drilling as Senator McCain has proposed. 
It also shows the reduction in oil consumption that we would have seen in 2008 had the country 
continued to increase mileage standards at the rate of 0.4 miles per year in the 22 years following 1985.  
 
In conclusion, if Congress had continued to increase fuel efficiency standards over the last 22 years, we 
would  currently  have  more  than  sixteen  times  the  savings  in  oil  consumption  than  what  Senator 
McCain’s  plan  promises  to  accomplish  in  20  years  by  drilling  offshore  in  protected  areas–  and  a 
proportionately larger impact on gas prices.  
                                                 
3 This calculation assumes the daily use of oil for refining gasoline is equal to approximately 9 million barrels. See: United 
States. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency. Weekly Inputs Utilization, and Production. Washington: GPO, 
2008. Accessed online at [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_wiup_dcu_nus_w.htm]. The projected savings are 
equal to the difference between the current rate of consumption and the consumption that would occur if the auto fleet was 
58.4 percent more fuel efficient.  

Offshore Drilling and Energy Conservation: The Relative Impact on Gas Prices

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Offshore Drilling and Energy Conservation: The Relative Impact on Gas Prices

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