GREINER, W.

NEISE, L.

PEILERT, G.

ROSENHAUER, A.

STOCKER, H.

GSI Repository

ITALIAN PHYSICAL SOCIETYPROCEEDINGSOF THEINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHYSICS«ENRICO FERMI»COURSE CIIIedited by P. KIENLE, R.A. Rica and A. RUBBINODirectors of the CourseVARENNA ON LAKE COMOVILLA MONASTERO23 June - 3 July 1987Trendsin Nuclear Physics1989NORTH-HOLLANDAMSTERDAM - OXFORD - NEW YORK - TOKYOINDICB'Gruppo fotografico dei partecipanti al Corso fuori testoP. KIENLE, E. A. EICCI and A. RUBBINO - Introduction. . . pag. xvJ. REINHAEDT, K. GEIGEE, M. GKABIAK, D. C. IONESCTJ,A. SCHEEDIN, S. SCHEAMM, B. MULLEE and W. GEEINEB -Positron lines in heavy-ion collisions: recent theoretical de-velopments.1. Introduction » 12. Particle production models » 33. Resonant Bhabha scattering » 64. Micropositronium resonances » 115. The polypositronium model » 146. A bag model for an extended new particle » 157. Conclusion » 18P. KIENLE - Electron-positron pair creation in heavy-ion col-lisions.Introduction » 221. Experimental methods » 232. Positrons induced by a strong, time-changing Coulomb field » 303. Positron lines » 354. Monoenergetic electron-positron pair production » 475. Search for resonant Bhabha scattering . » 52B. POVH - Quarks, hadrons and nuclei.1. The hadronic Trinity » 592. Deep inelastic scattering at Bjorken % < 0.1 » 603. Hadronic cross-sections and radii » 624. Nuclear force » 655. Conclusions » 67VI INDIOEM. I . F E K E E B O - The EMC effect.1. Introduction V&g- 692. Deep inelastic scattering and structure functions » 703. Review of data and interpretation » 714. Future investigations » 76T. YAMAZAKI - H y p e r on compound nucleus.1. Introduction » 782. Continuum par t in strangeness exchange reactions » 793. Nuclear weak decay of A: another source of pions . . . . » 834. Recent K E K experiment » 855. Preview: possible hypernuclear spectroscopy following hype-ron compound process » 89L. EEISE , A. EOSENHAUEE, G. PEILEBT, H. STOCKEE andW. GEEINEE - Fragment flow, in-medium effects and thenuclear equation of state.Introduction » 921. Generalization of the equation of state » 932. Survey about theoretical models » 97• -"• 3. 'Quantum molecular dynamics » 100L. P. CSEENAI - Experimental ob.servables and the nuclearequation of state » 1121. Collective transverse flow » 113l ' l . An overview of the collective-flow analysis » 1131'2. Transverse-momentum analysis » 116;.-• 1'3. Scaling behaviour of transverse flow. \ . » 1172. Statistical description of multifragmentation •. . » 1232"1. Inclusion of interactions at the grand canonical level . » 1232'2. Statistical model with interactions » 1242'3. Interactions in mean-field approximation » 126; 2'3.1; Coulomb interaction » 1262"3.2. Nuclear interaction » 1262'4. Preliminary results » 1293. Conclusions » 131E. GEOSSE - Pions and high-energy photons from .collidingnuclei. . ' .1. Introduction » . 134',. 2. Pion production . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . » . 134IN DICE VII.3..; High-energy pho tons . . . . . . . pag, 1384. Comparison of pho ton and pion product ion » 1425. Conclusion and outlook » 143S. NAGAMIYA - Nucleus-nucleus collisions in the 10 GeV/nucleonenergy, regime. ,'i X 1. In t roduc t ion . . . . . . , . - . , . . ;. » 147••"'.• l ' l . A di lemma in cur ren t nuclear physics . . .. •'» 1471'2. P h a s e d iagram of nuclear m a t t e r . . . . . . . . . . . » 1481'3. Can we create ho t a n d dense m a t t e r wi th heavy-ionbeams? ,!%'' .- . . • •'. » 1493'4. Cur ren t s t a tus a t Brookhaven Nat iona l Laboratory ';.. .' .'.» 1502. Pseudo E802 runs in t h e Fa l l of 1986 r . ' V . . • . - ' . / '• .. » 1522 ' 1 . Physics goals and exper imenta l s e t - u p . . . . . . 7 /'.",» 1522'2. 16O beams a t t h e t a rge t " F'r . . .'"3. . . . . :y'. . . ; . » 1532'3 . Ene rgy flow da t a and the i r implication' . : . ' . ' . . . » 1542'4. Max imum particle• dens i ty and energy densi ty . '. . : . ' , i '» 1582'5 . S u m m a r y . . ... . ... •; . . . . , . . . . . . ,j.'.» 159. 3 . Rea l E802 runs in t h e Spr ing of 1987 . . . . . '. . : . . "» 1593 ' 1 . Physics goals » 1593'2. E802 s e t - u p . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . » 1613"3. Par t ic le identification • •, b ••- • • • • • » 1623'4. Resul ts from t h e Apri l r u n s - . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.• » 163E. STOCK - Search for the quark-gluon plasma—The EA35 ex-periment at the CEE1ST SPS.1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . .• . '. .'-.''• .• . . - . • . • • " • . . ' . . r- 1 6 72 . E x p e r i m e n t a l s e t - u p " ." . . . . » 1 6 7. 3 . E x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s . . . » 1 6 93 ' 1 . T o t a l i n e l a s t i c c r o s s - s e c t i o n .. . . „.» 1 6 93 ' 2 . E n e r g y l o s s s p e c t r u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 j » 1 7 0• '• 3 ' 3 . C h a r g e d - p a r t i c l e m u l t i p l i c i t i e s . . . . ' ' . . . • • . ; • . . . » 1 7 1- - 3"4 . T r a n s v e r s e - e n e r g y d i s t r i b u t i o n . . . -. . •. . .-.• . ; .-•'• » 1 7 2i. :.'.- 3 ' 5 . . D e p e n d e n c e of E r o n A v .:. .. .; ;. . . . . . . ;;i.;i,» 1 7 33 ' 6 . D e p e n d e n c e of E T o n b e a m e n e r g y . . ,., • • •* 1 7 43 " 7 . E s t i m a t e s of e n e r g y d e n s i t y . . ., . . . . -»» 1 7 53 ' 8 . D e p e n d e n c e of E T o n A t . . .'. . . . . ; ,. '. . . . .» 1 7 63 ' 9 . ' R a p i d i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s . . . ' : . . . ."". V . '. . .' . ">> 1 7 63 ' 1 0 . C e n t r e - o f - m a s s a n g u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n s . . . . . . •. : ; . ' 5 ! i » 1 7 73 ' 1 1 . A v e r a g e t r a n s v e r s e m o m e n t u m . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . , i » 1 7 8'.•'. 3 ' 1 2 . T r a n s v e r s e - m o m e n t u m ; d i s t r i b u t i o n . ..: .. . . ... '.: .>.. ' . >: » 1 7 83 ' 1 3 . T w o - p i o n c o r r e l a t i o n . j.,' . . . . ,. . . :., . . . . . ....•: . , i , » 1 7 9• 4 . S u m m a r y a n d c o n c l u s i o n s ^ *l •••.':-. . . . . --. . . . . ' t . ;>> 1 8 15 . F u t u r e p r o j e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . ;-..'-• » 1 8 2INDICEI. .TALMI - The nuclear shell model—of nucleons or quarks? pag. 185P. J. TWIN - The evolution of nuclear structure at high spin.1. Introduction » 2012. Shapes and signatures » 2012'3. Potential^energy surfaces » 2012'2. Level schemes » 2022'3. Moment of inertia » 2043. Nucleon orbitals and shapes » 2063'1.' Shape driving orbitals » 2063'2. Band termination » 2093'3. Quadrupole moments » 2114. Decay of the compound nucleus » 2124'1. From fusion to the ground state » 2124'2. Continuum spectroscopy » 2145. Signal to noise » 215: 5'1. TESSA and other multidetector arrays » 2155'2. Channel selection » 2186. Superdeformation » 2206'1. Evidence for superdeformation: 162Dy » 2206'2. Feeding and decay » 2236'3. The cerium and neodynium nuclei » 2257. Conclusion » 227B. HEESKIND and K. SCHIPPEE - Superdeformed 152Dy—Pop--. ulation and decay.1. Introduction » 2312. The coexistent shapes in 152Dy » 2332'1. Population of superdeformed states » 2332'2. Tunnelling and pairing » 236"'• 3. Simulation calculations » 2393'1. The Monte Carlo code » 2393'2. Parameters and results » 2414. A new experimental technique » 245.5. Lifetimes in the superdeformed well » 248•5*1. Experimental lifetime information » 2485'2. Description of the decay times » 2495'3. The energy dependence of the mean decay times . . . » 2515'4. Simulation of the effective lifetimes » 2536. Conclusion ., » . 255INDICB IXYu. Ts. OGANESSIAN, Y U . V. LOBAWOV, M. HTJSSONNOIS, YTJ.P. KHABITONOV, B. GOESKI, O. COSTANTINESCTJ, A. G. Po-PEKO, H. BBTJCHEETSEIFEB, E. 1ST. SAGAIDAK, S. P. TEETYA-KOVA, G. V. BTJKLAKOV, A. V. RYKHLYTJK, G. G. GTJLBE-KYAN, A. A. PLEVE t, G. !N". IVANOV and V. M. PLOTKO -The experiments aimed at synthesizing element 110.1. Introduction pag. 2582. Experimental procedure and set-up » 2633. Study of the kinematic features of incomplete-fusion productsfrom t h e 235,236,238U-|-4o^j, reac t ions » 2654. Experiments aimed at detecting spontaneously fissioning evap-oration residues » 2715. Control experiments » 2766. Radioactive properties » 2787. Summary and conclusions » 279P. ABMBETJSTEB - On the production of superheavy elementsand the limitations to go beyond.1. The new isotopes of the heaviest elements » 2822. On the nuclear structure of the heaviest isotopes » 2842'1. Mass excesses, shell correction energies and fission barriers » 2852"2. Half-lives for a-decay and spontaneous fission . . . . » 2872'3. Recent theoretical predictions of shell corrections andhalf-lives » 2902'4. What is it, a superheavy nucleus? » 2913. On the making of heavy elements » 2933'1. Production cross-sections » 2933'2. Theoretical predictions on entrance channel limitation . » 2953'3. Evidence of entrance channel limitation from fusionreactions » 2983'4. The concept of fusion probability » 3043'5. Comparison to experimental data » 3064. Shell effects in collision dynamics » 3124"1. Fusion using Pb-like targets » 3124'2. Other rearrangement processes involving spherical nuclei » 3124'3. The «soft way to element 109 ». . . » 3144'4. Outlook to make still heavier elements • » 317MONIQUE B E B N A S - On the border of nuclear stability. . . . » 3211. Around 68Ni: experiment » 3232. Calculations » 3253. Deep inelastic transfer » 3274. Fission » 3285. Conclusion . . » 330M. F U K U G I T A - Astrophysical neut r inos a n d nuclear physics.1. Introduction pag. 331l ' l . Particle physics of neutrinos » 332l ' l . l . Mass of neutrinos » 332l ' l . 2 . Generations and neutrino mixings . . . . . . . » 3351'1.3. Magnetic-dipole moment of neutrinos . . . . . » 337l ' l . 4 . Stability of massive neutrinos » 3391'2. Neutrinos in cosmology » 3391'2.1. Constraint on the neutrino mass » 3411'2.2. Massive neutrinos as dark mat ter » 3421'2.3. Unstable neutrinos » 3431'2.4. Heavy «neutrinos» 3441'3. Astrophysical neutrinos . » 3451'4. Neutrino detectors » 3482. Solar-neutrino problems » 3582 '1 . Solar neutrinos » 3582'2. Deficit of the 8B neutrino flux » 3612'3. Uncertainties in the standard-solar-model prediction . » 3612'4. Other solar-neutrino problems » 3652'5. Modification of the standard scenario—Astrophysics . . » 3662'6. Nonstandard particle properties of neutrinos » 3672'6.1. Neutrino oscillations in vacuum •- •» 3672'6.2. Neutrino oscillations in matter (Mikheyev-Smir- •nov-Wolfenstein effect) • • » 3682'6.3. Magnetic-dipole moment of electron-neutrinos . ; » 3732'6.4. Neutrino decay » 3742'7. Discrimination among scenarios » 374•'•: 2'8. Exotic origins for neutrinos from the Sun . . . . . . » 3752'8.1. Neutrinos from the monopole catalysis of theproton decay in the Sun, » 3752'8.2. Neutrinos from the annihilation of phptinos' . . . » 3763. Neutrinos from supernovae » 3763'1. Type-II supernova and neutrinos . » 3763'2. Brief description of the stellar-core collapse . . . . . » 3793'3. Supernova SN 1987a and the observation of the neu-tr ino burst » 3813'4. Progenitor of the supernova . . » 3833'5. Detailed characters of the observed neutrino burst . . » 3853'6. Implications for neutrino physics » 3883'6.1. Neutrino stability * . . . . ' . ' , . ' . . " / , » 3883'6.2. Neutrino mass . . . » 3883'6.3. Constraint on the MSW scenario for the solar-neutrino problem » 3893'6.4. Number of the neutrino species » 3903'6.5. Magnetic moment of neutrinos . . . . . . . . . . » 3913'7. High-energy neutrinos from a pulsar • ' • : • • » 3913'8. Perspectives for future supernovae . . . . , - » 3924. Miscellaneous neutrino sources ;. :.» 3944'1 . Geophysical neutrinos . ' . . . . » 394INDICE XI4'2. Supernova relic neutrinos . pag. 3954'3. Atmospheric neutrinos » 3965. Conclusion » 396Appendix A. - Cross-sections for neutrino scattering » 397C. EOLFS - Experimental quests in nuclear astrophysics.1. Introduction . » 4172. Laboratory approaches '.';..' » 4193. Primordial nucleosynthesis. » 4203'1. The 2H(d, y)4He reaction at low energy and the Z>-stateadmixture in 4He » 4203'2. Astrophysical S factor of 3H(a, y)'Li » 4234. Stellar nucleosynthesis » 4254'1. Hydrogen burning in massive stars . » 4254'2. The 12C(a, y)16O reaction » 4294'3. The MgAl cycle " \ . . » 4325. Explosive scenarios . . . • » 4345"1. Study of 22Na(p, y)23Mg via the radioactive-target tech-nique » 4355'1.1. Photodisintegration detector » 4355'1.2. 22Na target production . » 4385'2. Study of 13N(p, y)14O via the radioactive-ion beam tech-nique » 4396. Atomic screening » 440H. MOBINAGA - Detection of solar neutrinos.1. Introduction . - » 4452. Solar-neutrino flux and spectrum . . » 4453. Possible deformation of the neutrinos' spectrum » 4464. Methods of solar-neutrino detection ; . » 4475. Davis' experiment » 4486. Gallium experiment » 4487. 205Tl as a detector for pp neutrinos » 4498. Nuclear properties of 205Tl as a neutrino detector • » 4499. Transition rate problem in case of the threshold detectors . » 44910. Transition probability problem in the case of the 2°5Tl-205Pbdetector » 45011. The possibility to measure the transition rate experimentally » 45012. Higher-energy transitions . . . • . . . . . . . , » 45013. Accelerator mass spectrometry • » 45114. Test experiment to detect 205Pb with accelerator mass spec-trometry • . » 45115. Background and geological problems . . ,"» 452XII INDICE16. Geological problems . pag. 45217. Background problems » 45318. Experimental study for estimating various backgrounds . . » 4530. D E T E A Z - Some features of nucleus-nucleus collisions a tintermediate energies.1. About the specifics of intermediate-energy collisions . . . . » 4552. Peripheral reactions » 4602"1. Fragmentationlike processes » 4602'1.1. Experimental evidence » 4602'1.2. Deviations from a clean-cut fragmentation model » 4662/1.3. Calculation of fragmentation products at inter-mediate energy » 4712'2. Transfer reactions » 4772'2.1. Experimental evidence » 4772'2.2. The selectivity of transfer reactions at inter-mediate energy » 4782'2.3. Identification of collective states at high excit-ation energies » 4813. Central collisions and excited nuclear systems » 4843*1. Central collisions as a source of hot nuclei » 4843'2. Disappearance of fusion with increasing incident energy » 4853'3. Measuring the temperature of excited nuclear systems » 4883'3.1. Temperature from the energy spectrum of par-ticles » 4903'3.2. Temperature from the ratio of different states . » 4923'3.3. Other methods and conclusions » 4943'4. Developments » 4963'4.1. Detailed study of limited hot systems . . . . . » 4963'4.2. Calculating the dynamics of the collision . . . » 4963'4.3. The onset of multifragmentation » 4974. Synthesis of new nuclear species in intermediate-energyheavy-ion collisions ' » 4984'1. Towards the proton and neutron drip lines " » 4994'2. Some properties of exotic nuclei » 5014'2.1. The search for new radioactive modes » 5014'2.2. Binding energies » 5035. Final remarks » 504C. G E E G O I E E r- Some aspects of nuclear dynamics.1. The Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon (BBGKY) hier-archy of equations ' • » 509l ' l . The BBGKY hierarchy » 5112. Derivation of a nuclear kinetic equation . . . . . . . . . » 5132'1. The Waldmann-Snider equation » 5132"2. The Botermans-MaMiet equation » 515INDICE XIII3. Wigner transformation and the Landau-Vlasov equation . . pag. 5174. Approximate solutions of the VE and LVE. . . . . . . . » 5205. Phenomenological collision term and simulations » 5266. Dynamics of heavy-ion collisions » 5287. Perspectives: fluctuations and dispersions » 535C. NGO, E. BOISGABD, J. DESBOIS, C. CEBETJTI and J. F . MA-THIOT - From multifragmentation of nuclei to the quark-gluon plasma » 537PART I. - Multifragmentation » 5381. Experimental indications of multifragmentation - . » 5382. Physical picture » 5423. Hot and compressed nuclei » 5444. Study of head-on collisions » 5465. From incomplete fusion to multifragmentation » 548PART II. - Quark-gluon plasma formation » 5531. Physical picture » 5532. Results » 555Conclusion » 559M. Di TOEO - Medium-energy heavy-ion collisions—Phasespace models.Introduction » 5611. One-body dissipation » 5612. Two-body dissipation » 5633. Excitation of collective states » 5644. From deep inelastic collisions to projectile fragmentation. . » 5655. Properties of the hot source » 5686. Central collisions: linear-momentum transfer and limits tofusion » 5717. Subthreshold it production » 5728. Conclusion » 573N. CINDEO, M. KOEOLIJA and E. OAPLAE - Thermodynamics,reaction mechanisms and the early stages of a nuclear col-lision.1. Introduction » 5762. Equilibration: the BME approach » 577XIV INDICE3. Determination of n0: the BME analysis of particle spectra . pag. 5793'1. Exclusive spectra » 5793'2. Inclusive spectra. Multisource analysis. . ; » 5804. Results: the constancy of lS*/n0 : . . . . . . . . . . . . » 582E . A. E I C C I - Dissipative phenomena and fragmentation inlow-energy .heavy-ion reactions of medium-mass regions.1. Introduction » 5852. Transitional'dissipativc mechanisms . ." » 5862'1 » 5862'2 » 5892'3 ; ' » 5933. Three-body processes » 596P. K I E N L E - Closing remarks » 601

FRAGMENT FLOW, IN-MEDIUM EFFECTS AND THE NUCLEAR-EQUATION OF STATE

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FRAGMENT FLOW, IN-MEDIUM EFFECTS AND THE NUCLEAR-EQUATION OF STATE

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