The genus Rhyssomatus Schoenherr, 1837 includes 176 Neotropical and Nearctic species, many of which have agricultural importance because they are phytophagous during the larval and adult stages (O’Brien & Wibmer 1982; Wibmer & O’Brien 1986; Costa et al. 1988; Socías et. al. 2009)Fil: Cazado, Lucas Emiliano. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Murúa, María Gabriela. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino; ArgentinaFil: Casmuz, Augusto. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; ArgentinaFil: Socías, María Guillermina. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; ArgentinaFil: Vera, Maria Teresa. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: O'Brien, W.O..Fil: Gastaminza, Gerardo Alfredo. Gobierno de Tucumán. Ministerio de Desarrollo Productivo. Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres; Argentin

Casmuz, Augusto

Cazado, Lucas Emiliano

Gastaminza, Gerardo Alfredo

Murúa, María Gabriela

O'Brien, W.O.

Socías, María Guillermina

Vera, Maria Teresa

Florida Entomologist

LAReferencia - Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas Latinoamericanas

 Scientific Notes 663GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND NEW HOST ASSOCIATIONS OF RHYSSOMATUS SUBTILIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) NORTHWESTERN IN ARGENTINALucas E. cazado1, 4,*, M. GabriELa Murúa1, 4, auGusto casMuz1, M. GuiLLErMina socías1, M. tErEsa VEra2,4, charLEs W. o’briEn3 and GErardo GastaMinza11Sección Zoología Agrícola, Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres, Las Talitas (T4104AUD), Tucumán, Argentina2Cátedra de Terapéutica Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Florentino Ameghino s/n (4000), Tucumán, Argentina32313 W. Calle Balaustre, Green Valley, AZ 85622-8047, USA4CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas*Corresponding author; E-mail: lcazado@eeaoc.org.arThe genus Rhyssomatus Schoenherr, 1837 includes 176 Neotropical and Nearctic species, many of which have agricultural importance be-cause they are phytophagous during the larval and adult stages (O’Brien & Wibmer 1982; Wib-mer & O’Brien 1986; Costa et  al. 1988; Socías et. al. 2009).Rhyssomatus subtilis Fiedler (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) “the black soybean weevil”, has emerged as a major soybean pest in Northwest Argentina (NWA) during the last 3 yr. This species was recorded for the first time on soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabales: Fabaceae) in 2006 in the vicinity of La Fragua (Santiago del Estero prov-ince). In the following season, it was detected at Rosario de la Frontera (Salta province), and in 2008 it was observed in Nueva Esperanza (Santi-ago del Estero province), and 7 de Abril (Tucumán province) (Table 1 and Fig. 1) (Socías et al. 2009). From its first detection in La Fragua until 2012, R. subtilis has been detected more frequently in soybean cultures in different localities of Santia-go del Estero, Salta, and Tucumán provinces. In Mexico, another species of Rhyssomatus has been detected in soybean crops, which was identified as R. nigerrimus Fahraeus, 1837. The biology, dam-age, and behavior of R. nigerrimus in the field are similar to those described for R. subtilis (Lopez-Guillén et al. 2012).The occurrence of R. subtilis causes significant losses in the NWA region. Adults produce damage by their feeding and oviposition during vegetative and reproductive stages of the soybean (Socías et al. 2009). The control of this pest is based mainly on the use of chemical insecticides (Casmuz et al. 2010a). Nevertheless, when the number of the black soybean weevils is high, the entire soybean crop is lost and has to be reseeded.Given that R. subtilis had not been found in these areas before, it could be argued that this species is expanding its range in the region. For this reason, the objective of this study was to de-termine the geographical distribution and host associations of this species of Curculionidae in NWA.Samplings from 2009 to 2012 were conducted to detect the presence of R. subtilis (Fig. 1) in dif-ferent provinces of NWA. All localities monitored (42) were georeferenced. Samplings were made in soybean and dry bean [Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabales: Fabaceae)] growing areas during veg-etative and reproductive stages. One hectare was monitored in each locality. In each hectare, 10 points with 10 to 15 plants of soybean and/or dry bean were sampled. By observations on the plants using a vertical beat sheet (Drees & Rice 1985), the presence of weevils was detected. The imma-ture stages (eggs and/or larvae) were estimated by observation on the plants of damaged pods.On soybean and dry bean crop plantations, R. subtilis was collected in 30 localities in Sal-ta, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán provinces, located in an area of about 541,000 ha (Table 1 and  Fig. 1). In general, the presence of the black soybean weevil was concentrated in localities in southern Salta, in northwestern Santiago del Es-tero, and in northeastern Tucumán province (Fig. 1).This species was not found in Catamarca prov-ince, which is southwest of Santiago del Estero province and the south of Tucumán province.In dry bean plantations, the weevil was ob-served in 2 localities each of Tucumán (Tapia and Trancas), and Salta provinces (Rosario de la Frontera and La Candelaria) (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Preliminary observations showed that adults feed on the crop both in its vegetative and repro-ductive stages. The crop in its vegetative stage is attacked by adults that feed on tender sprouts of both seedlings and well-developed plants. The damage caused during the vegetative stage of dry 664 Florida Entomologist 96(2) June 2013tabLE 1. GEoGraphicaL distribution and host association of rhyssoMatus subtiLis (coLEoptEra: curcuLionidaE) in diffErEnt proVincEs of arGEntina.ProvinceDepartmentCodeLocalityCoordinatesHost plantR. subtilisYearSouthWestCatamarcaSanta Rosa1Monte Redondo27° 59’ 57.0”65° 30’ 11.8”Soybean(-)20112Puerta Grande27° 58’ 13.0”65° 25’ 06.2”Soybean(-)20113La Zanja27° 52’ 54.4”65° 20’ 21.9”Soybean(-)2011SaltaRosario de la Frontera4Infiernillo25° 58’ 58.4”65° 05’ 45.8”Soybean(+)20105El Palomar25° 50’ 00.6”64° 52’ 47.6”Soybean(+)20106Antillas26° 04’ 12.6”64° 37’ 24.7”Soybean(+)20107Rosario de la Frontera25° 49’ 19.7”64° 59’ 01.8”Soybean(+)2007***Brassica campestris(+)20108Santa Rosa25° 39’ 57.6”64° 56’ 58.1”**Conyza bonariensis(+)2010Soybean(+)2009**Sphaeralcea bonariensis(+)2010Dry Bean(+)2011La Calendaria9La Calendaria26° 06’ 37.0”65° 09’ 28.3”Soybean(+)201010El Ceibal26° 08’ 09.8”65° 01’ 05.1”Dry Bean(+)2010San José de Metán11La Aguadita25° 27’ 09.1”64° 57’ 48.6”Soybean(+)201012El Galpón25° 23’ 09.9”64° 43’ 05.5”Soybean(+)2010Santiago del EsteroPellegrini13La Fragua26° 05’ 08.9”64° 19’ 31.1”Soybean(+)2006*Soybean(+)201014La Nueva Esperanza26° 12’ 59.0”64° 11’ 30.0”Soybean(+)2008*15Quebracho Coto26° 17’ 11.9”64° 26’ 52.7”Soybean(+)201016Rapelli26° 25’ 38.7”64° 29’ 52”Soybean(+)2010Jiménez17Tinajeras26° 40’ 38.0”64° 28’ 27.0”Soybean(+)201018Isca Yacu26° 59’ 53.1”64° 36’ 43.4”Soybean(+)201019La Verde26° 50’ 33.0”64° 42’ 17.8”Soybean(+)2010Río Hondo20La Donosa27° 24’ 24.0”64° 56’ 11.2”Soybean(-)2010TucumánBurruyacú217 de Abril26° 17’ 07.0”64° 29’ 47.11”Soybean(+)2008*22Paja Colorada26° 32’ 37.7”64° 40’ 18.2”Soybean(+)2010(+) Locality where Rhyssomatus subtilis was found.(-) Locality where Rhyssomatus subtilis was not found.(*) First records of Rhyssomatus subtilis in Northwest Argentina (Socias et al., 2009).(**) Plant on which R. subtilus adults feed, but on which they do not oviposit, and on which no immatures occur.Note: Names of new host association records were checked in the Germplasm Resources Information Network, USDA, ARS, 2012. Scientific Notes 665tabLE 1. (continuEd) GEoGraphicaL distribution and host association of rhyssoMatus subtiLis (coLEoptEra: curcuLionidaE) in diffErEnt proVincEs of arGEntina.ProvinceDepartmentCodeLocalityCoordinatesHost plantR. subtilisYearSouthWest23Gobernador Piedrabuena26° 44’ 42.5”64° 36’ 52.7”Soybean(+)201024Río Nio26° 25’ 27.4”64° 55’ 51.5”Soybean(+)201025Taco Palta26° 46’ 45.7”64° 59’ 59.1”Soybean(+)201026Puerta Alegre26° 28’ 40.3”64° 38’ 45.1”Soybean(+)201027La Ramada26° 42’ 03.2”64° 56’ 46.0”Soybean(+)201228Taruca Pampa26° 35’ 35.8”64° 46’ 53.5”Soybean(+)2012Cruz Alta29San Agustín26° 49’ 57.2”64° 51’ 29.2”Soybean(+)201130Pacará26° 54’ 20.2”65° 9’ 48.3”Soybean(+)201231Las Cejas26° 52’ 03.0”64° 47’ 03.5”Soybean(+)2012Graneros32El Jardín27° 49’ 03.4”65° 18’ 22.2”Soybean(-)2010(-)201233La Madrid27° 40’ 05.5”65° 06’ 53.9”Soybean(-)2012La Cocha34Palancho27° 48’ 02.4”65° 29’ 06.8”Soybean(-)201035Santa Rosa27° 51’ 00.5”65° 25’ 20.0”Soybean(-)201036Rumi Punco27° 57’27.5”65° 32’ 43.5”Soybean(-)201037Casas Viejas27° 46’ 02.7”65° 30’ 54.4”Soybean(-)2012Leales38Tres Pozos27° 06’ 23.4”64° 55’ 47.5”Soybean(+)201139Los Puestos27° 15’ 29.9”64° 58’ 28.5”Soybean(-)201140Soledad27° 04’ 58.8”65° 09’ 13.1”Soybean(+)201241Viclos27° 10’ 46.4”64° 56’ 41.2”Soybean(+)2012Simoca42Atahona27° 22’ 27.7”65° 18’ 33.5”Soybean(-)2012Trancas43Tapia26° 37’ 3.6”65° 15’ 53.1”Dry Bean(+)2010 44Trancas26° 16’ 31.4”65° 16’ 53.4”Dry Bean(+)2010(+) Locality where Rhyssomatus subtilis was found.(-) Locality where Rhyssomatus subtilis was not found.(*) First records of Rhyssomatus subtilis in Northwest Argentina (Socias et al., 2009).(**) Plant on which R. subtilus adults feed, but on which they do not oviposit, and on which no immatures occur.Note: Names of new host association records were checked in the Germplasm Resources Information Network, USDA, ARS, 2012.666 Florida Entomologist 96(2) June 2013Fig. 1. Geographical distribution of Rhyssomatus subtilis in soybean and dry bean growing areas of Northwest Argentina. Scientific Notes 667bean can cause the death of the plant or nega-tively affect its development. During the plant’s reproductive stage (R8: pod fill) (Fernández et al. 1986), the female weevils deposit their eggs in-side the pods (Fig. 2). After that, the larvae hatch and feed on the seed; and at the end of their last larval stadium, these larvae fall to the soil. In the soil, the individuals continue their development as hibernating larvae, pupae and adults during the winter season. Subsequently with the arrival of the first rains, the emergence of adult occurs.It is important to mention that the damage produced by weevils on pods (feeding and/or oviposition), facilitates the development of phy-topathogens in the seeds, which may lower the quality and performance of bean seed. The be-havior and the damage produced by of R. subti-lis on dry bean crop are similar to that produced in the soybean crop (Socías et al. 2009). There-fore, the next important steps are to identify the duration of the life stages and to quantify the damage caused by this weevil to the dry bean crop.In Rosario de la Frontera (Salta province), during the spring season, and before soybean sowing, R. subtilis adults were found on the fol-lowing weeds: Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (Asterales: Asteraceae), Brassica campestris (L.) Metzg. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) and Sphaeral-cea bonariensis (Cav.) Griseb (Malvales: Malva-ceae) (Table 1). This weevil was observed feeding on these weeds during their reproductive stages. Ovipositor perforations and eggs were not found in these plants. These are not true hosts, because —although the adults feed on them—the females do not oviposit in the plants and they are not utilized by the larvae. This observation was reported by Bentancourt & Scatoni (1996); Capinera (1999), and Casmuz et al. (2010b). They mentioned that some host plants such as grasses and various pas-ture weeds, play an important role as reservoirs for the insect pests, which move from one to an-other species of grasses or crops, but are not true hosts, i.e., the pest does not reproduce on them. In Rosario de la Frontera (Salta province) farms where R. subtilis adults were found on the above Fig. 2. Rhyssomatus subtilis life stages on dry bean crop: a (upper left), adult on the plant; b (upper right), ex-posed egg in pod; c (lower left), exposed larva feeding on seed; and d (lower right), bean pod showing feeding and oviposition punctures.668 Florida Entomologist 96(2) June 2013mentioned weeds, which had sustained intense attacks by the weevils in the previous year. It is valuable to know that these weevils can be found feeding on a range of plants not accepted for ovi-position and larval development. This makes it clear that prior to the time of growth of the soybean or dry bean crops, it is possible for the weevils to seek alternate hosts for potential in-festation. This could be beneficial for those who are studying the weevil and its range extension.This is the first report of this species devel-oping on dry bean and feeding on the weeds mentioned. The results obtained in this study indicate that R. subtilis is expanding its distri-bution and produces direct and indirect damage on soybean and dry bean crops in northwestern Argentina. From its first detection in La Fragua in 2006 until 2012, this pest has dispersed about 87 km north, 136 km south and 99 km west in northwestern Argentina. Currently, this species of Curculionidae is located in an area of about 541,000 ha (Fig. 1).The expansion of the range of this pest could be facilitated by anthropic factors such as movement of agricultural ma-chinery from weevil infested areas to weevil free areas. Similar observations were reported for Aubeonymus mariaefranciscae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) (Giraldo & Alvarado 1990), an important pest of beet-root (Beta vulgaris L.), where its expansion is facilitated primarily by agricultural machinery. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt preventive measures to avoid or delay the expansion of R. subtilis to new regions.suMMaryRhyssomatus subtilis, the black soybean weevil, has emerged as a major pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabales: Fabaceae)] in northwestern Argentina during the last 3 yr. This species was detected in 30 localities of Sal-ta, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán provinces comprising a total area of about 541,000 ha. This species was observed for the first time develop-ing on dry bean [Phaseolus vulgaris L. (Fabales: Fabaceae)] crops and feeding on 3 unrelated weeds [Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (As-terales: Asteraceae), Brassica campestris (L.) Metzg. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) and Sphaer-alcea bonariensis (Cav.) Griseb (Malvales: Mal-vaceae)]. The damage produced by R. subtilis in dry bean crops is similar to that produced in soybean crops. The results obtained suggest that as of 2012, R. subtilis has greatly expanded its distribution since its first detection in 2006 and produces major direct and indirect damage in soybean and dry bean crops in northwestern Argentina.Key Words: weevil, soybean, preventive mea-sures, leguminous plantsrEsuMEnRhyssomatus subtilis, el picudo negro de la soja, se ha vuelto una plaga emergente en el cultivo de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabales: Fabaceae)] en el Noroeste argentino durante los últimos 3 años. Esta especie fue detectada en 30 localidades de las provincias de Salta, Santiago del Estero y Tucumán, abarcando un área total de 541.000 hectáreas. Esta especies fue observada por primera vez en el cultivo de poroto [Phaseo-lus vulgaris L. (Fabales: Fabaceae)] y alimentán-dose sobre 3 malezas [Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (Asterales: Asteraceae), Brassica cam-pestris (L.) Metzg. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) y Sphaeralcea bonariensis (Cav.) Griseb (Malvales: Malvaceae)]. El daño producido por R. subtilis en el cultivo de poroto es similar al producido en el cultivo de soja. Los resultados obtenidos sugie-ren que hasta el 2012, R. subtilis tuvo una gran expansión de su distribución desde su primera detección en 2006, produciendo daños directos e indirectos en los cultivos de soja y poroto en el Noroeste argentino.Palabras Clave: picudo, soja, medidas preven-tivas, plantas leguminosasacknoWLEdGMEntsWe thank Javier Carreras Baldres (SrySig, EEAOC) for his assistance in the preparation of the map. This study was supported by Estación Experimental Agroin-dustrial Obispo Colombres.rEfErEncEs citEdbEntancourt, c. M., and scatoni, i. b. 1996. Lep-idópteros de importancia económica. Reconocimien-to, biología y daños de las plagas agrícolas y fores-tales. Hemisferio Sur, Montevideo.casMuz, a. s., cazado, L. E., socías, M. G., zaia, d. G., ÁViLa, r., WiLLink, E., and GastaMinza, G. 2010a. Evaluación de la eficacia y persistencia de control de diferentes insecticidas sobre adultos de Rhys-somatus subtilis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), pp. 171-175 In M. Devani, F. Ledesma y J. R. Sánchez [eds.], El cultivo de la soja en el Noroeste Argentino – Campaña 2009/2010, Publ. Especial EEAOC No. 41, Tucumán, Argentina.casMuz, a., JuÁrEz, M. L., socías, M. G., Murúa, M. G., priEto, s., MEdina, s., WiLLink, E., and GastaMinza, G. 2010b. Revisión de los hospederos del gusano co-gollero del maíz, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidop-tera: Noctuidae). Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argentina 69(3-4): 209-231.costa, c., Vanin, s. a., and casari-chEn, s. a. 1988.Larvas de Coleoptera do Brasil. Museu de Zoologia Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil, 282 pp. + 165 estampas.drEEs, b. M., and ricE, M. L. 1985. The vertical beat sheet: A new device for sampling soybeans insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 78: 1507-1510. Scientific Notes 669fErnÁndEz, f., GEpts, p., and LópEz, M. 1986. Etapas de desarrollo en la planta de frijol común Phaseolus vulgaris (L.). CIAT, Cali, Colombia. 34 pp.GiraLdo, G., and aLVarado, M. 1990. Distribución geográfica de Aubeonymus mariaefranciscae Roud. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) plaga de la remolacha. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 16: 399-404.o’briEn, c. W., and WibMEr, G. J. 1982. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West In-dies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Mem. American Entomol. Inst. 34: 1-382.LopEz-GuiLLén, G., tEran-VarGas, a. p., GóMEz-ruiz, J., san-Juan Lara, J., rosado-nEto, G. h., o’briEn, c. W., cruz-LópEz, L., rodríGuEz-dEL-bosquE, L. a., and aLatorrE-rosas, r. 2012. First record of Rhyssoma-tus nigerrimus (Curculionidae: Molytinae: Cleogo-nini) infestations in soybean in Mexico. Florida En-tomol. 95(2): 524-528.socías, M. G., rosado-nEto, G. h., casMuz, a. s., zaia, d. G., and WiLLink, E. 2009. Rhyssomatus subtilis Fiedler (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), primer regis-tro para la Argentina y primera cita de planta hos-pedera, Glycine max (L) Merr. Rev. Ind. y Agríc. de Tucumán 86(1): 43-46.usda, ars, nationaL GEnEtic rEsourcEs proGraM. 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network —(GRIN) [Base de Datos en Línea].National Germ-plasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, MD. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35228. (Accessed 10 Sep 2012).WibMEr, G. J., and o’briEn, c. W. 1986. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Mem. American Entomol. Inst. 39: 1-563.

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Geographical Distribution and New Host Associations of Rhyssomatus Subtilis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Argentina

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Geographical Distribution and New Host Associations of Rhyssomatus Subtilis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Argentina

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