International audienceDue to lack of space, the city of Monaco has extended over the sea, by land reclaiming. The bordering waterdepths are now so deep that the city has been considering building housings set on jacket types of struc tures. These constructions would have to be protected from sea waves, by so-called "partial dikes". An example of such partial dikes is the BYBOP caisson that was installed recently at the mouth of Port Hercule. Its shape was optimized through systematic model tests. Quite noticeable are the slanted parts that protrude both on the up-wave and down-wave sides. The appendix on the lee-side was found to have quite a strong effect on the reduction of the transmission coeffcient

LÉcuyer, B.

Molin, Bernard

Remy, Fabien

Lécuyer, B.

HAL AMU

Hydrodynamic modeling of partial dikesBernard Molin, B. Le´cuyer, Fabien RemyTo cite this version:Bernard Molin, B. Le´cuyer, Fabien Remy. Hydrodynamic modeling of partial dikes. 24thInternational Workshop Water Waves and Floating Bodies, Apr 2009, Zelenogorsk, Russia. 24,4pp, 2009. <hal-00457908>HAL Id: hal-00457908https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457908Submitted on 18 Feb 2010HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestine´e au de´poˆt et a` la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publie´s ou non,e´manant des e´tablissements d’enseignement et derecherche franc¸ais ou e´trangers, des laboratoirespublics ou prive´s.Hydrodynamic modeling of partial dikesB. Molin1, B. Le´cuyer2, F. Remy11 E´cole Centrale Marseille & IRPHE, 13 451 Marseille Cedex 20 (bmolin@ec-marseille.fr)2 Principia, Z.I. Athe´lia I, Voie Ariane, 13 705 La Ciotat (bruno.lecuyer@principia.fr)Due to lack of space, the city of Monaco has extended over the sea, first by land reclaiming. The borderingwaterdepths are now so deep that the city has been considering building housings set on jacket types of struc-tures. These constructions would have to be protected from sea waves, by so-called ”partial dikes”. An exampleof such partial dikes is the BYBOP caisson that was installed recently at the mouth of Port Hercule (figure 1).Its shape was optimized through systematic model tests (Colmard 1997). Quite noticeable are the slanted partsthat protrude both on the up-wave and down-wave sides. The appendix on the lee-side was found to have quitea strong effect on the reduction of the transmission coefficient.  Figure 1: The BYBOP caisson (left) and the rectangular caisson indented with two ”buckets” (right).In this paper we investigate the effect of such appendices by simplifying the geometry as shown in theright-hand side of figure 1: a rectangular caisson, with two rectangular indentations at free surface level (the”buckets”). The fluid domain therefore divides into 5 rectangular sub-domains, up-wave, down-wave, below thedike and the two buckets. Eigen-functions expansions are used to solve the linearized diffraction problem. Notethat these geometries do not satisfy John’s criterion ensuring uniqueness of the solution.In the numerical results that follow we keep constant the waterdepth (70 m) and the draft (9 m). 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18CTT  (s)0 m20 m40 m80 m 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18CTT  (s)no bucket15 m x 5 m10 m x 2 m5 m x 0.38 mFigure 2: Transmission coefficient. Rectangular caisson (left) and caisson indented with one bucket (right).Figure 2 (left) shows the calculated transmission coefficient in the case of a rectangular caisson with no buckets.The width is taken successively equal to 0, 20, 40 and 80 m. The hydrodynamic performance is rather poor:at the largest width the transmission coefficient is still higher than 0.25 for wave periods beyond 10 seconds.Increasing the width does not help much. Increasing the draft is a bit more efficient hydrodynamically but noteconomically.We take the total width equal to 50 m and we indent the up-wave side with a bucket. Calculations are runfor three dimensions of the bucket:– length 15 m, water-height 5 m– length 10 m, water-height 2 m– length 5 m, water-height 0.38 m.Obtained transmission coefficients (CT ) are shown in the right-hand part of figure 2, together with therectangular caisson case for the same 50 m width. With a bucket CT becomes nil at a wave period close to 13seconds. The larger the bucket, the wider the trough in the curve but the same complete cancelation is obtainedat 13 seconds, no matter the size of the bucket. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18RAO free surface elevationT  (s)no bucket15 m x 5 m10 m x 2 m5 m x 0.38 m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18RAO free surface elevationT  (s)no bucket15 m x 5 m10 m x 2 m5 m x 0.38 mFigure 3: Free surface RAOs at the bucket wall. Bucket on the up-wave side (left) and on the lee side (right).Figure 3 (left) shows the RAO of the free surface elevation at the up-wave wall. Strong resonance is observed,with peak values highly dependent on the size of the bucket. Obviously the range of validity of linear theorycannot be expected to be very large when the RAO peaks at a value of nearly 14! From a practical point ofview the bucket cannot be too small.Figure 3 (right) shows the free surface RAOs with the bucket moved to the lee side. It has been known fora long time that the transmission coefficient is the same whatever the orientation of the body (see Kashiwagi2007 where other references can be found). The induced resonance in the buckets is much lower than in theprevious case. From the bucket sloshing stand-point, it appears preferable to move it to the lee side. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18CTT  (s)one bucket 15 m x 5 mtwo buckets 15 m x 5 m   15 m x 5 mtwo buckets 10 m x 5 m   15 m x 5 m 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 12.75  12.8  12.85  12.9  12.95  13  13.05  13.1  13.15CTT  (s)one bucket 15 m x 5 mtwo buckets 15 m x 5 m   15 m x 5 mtwo buckets 10 m x 5 m   15 m x 5 mFigure 4: Transmission coefficients vs. wave period.In figure 4 we show the transmission coefficients for the following cases:– one bucket 15 m x 5 m– two identical buckets at either side 15 m x 5 m– two different buckets 10 m x 5 m and 15 m x 5 m.With the two identical buckets the trough at 13 seconds period becomes wider than with only one bucket butthe minimum value is no longer zero. With two different buckets the transmission coefficient becomes nil at twowave periods, around 10.2 and 12.9 seconds in our case. Figure 5 proves that the transmission coefficients arezero identically.-0.0015-0.001-0.0005 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 10.19  10.195  10.2  10.205  10.21  10.215  10.22T  (s)Re (CT)Im (CT)-0.005-0.004-0.003-0.002-0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 12.9  12.905  12.91  12.915  12.92  12.925  12.93  12.935  12.94  12.945  12.95T  (s)Re (CT)Im (CT)Figure 5: Two buckets 10 m x 5 m & 15 m x 5 m. Transmission coefficient around 10.2 and 12.9 seconds. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18CTT  (s)one bucket 15 m x 5 mtwo buckets 15 m x 5 m   15 m x 5 mtwo buckets 10 m x 5 m   15 m x 5 m 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18CTT  (s)one bucket 15 m x 5 mtwo buckets 15 m x 5 m   15 m x 5 mtwo buckets 10 m x 5 m   15 m x 5 mFigure 6: Total width 30 m (left) or 70 m (right).Figure 6 shows the transmission coefficients obtained, in the same bucket cases, when the total width isreduced to 30 m or increased to 70 m. With the dual bucket case 10 m x 5 m plus 15 m x 5 m, the transmissioncoefficient is little sensitive to the total width, at least for wave periods smaller than 14 seconds.Finally we introduce Jarlan walls, modeled as porous plates of no thickness where a quadratic discharge lawis applied (see e.g. Molin 2001):ϕ2 − ϕ6 = −i 43pi1− τ1µ1 τ21Agω2‖ϕ2x‖ ϕ2x (1)the velocity potential being writtenΦ(x, z, t) =Agω<{ϕ(x, z) e−iωt}In equation (1), subscripts 2 and 6 refer to the two sub-domains at either side of the up-wave Jarlan wall, τ1 isits open-area ratio and µ1 a discharge equation assumed to be equal to one here. The non-linearity is overcome 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18CTT  (s)A = 0 mA = 1 mA = 2 mA = 3 m 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18CRT  (s)A = 0 mA = 1 mA = 2 mA = 3 mFigure 7: Buckets 10 m x 5 m & 15 m x 5 m. Total width 50 m. With Jarlan walls. Transmission (left) andreflection (right) coefficients. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18RAO free surface elevationT  (s)A = 0 mA = 1 mA = 2 mA = 3 m 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18RAO free surface elevationT  (s)A = 0 mA = 1 mA = 2 mA = 3 mFigure 8: Buckets 10 m x 5 m & 15 m x 5 m. Total width 50 m. With Jarlan walls. RAOs of the free surfaceelevation at the up-wave (left) and down-wave (right) walls.by recurring to the iterative schemeϕ(j)2 − ϕ(j)6 = −i43pi1− τ1µ1 τ21Agω2‖ϕ2x‖(j−3/2) ϕ(j)2x (2)where (j − 3/2) means the averaged value between iteration (j − 2) and iteration (j − 1).Figures 7 and 8 show the obtained hydrodynamic performance, with the Jarlan walls at 5 m from the solidwalls, in the 10 m x 5 m plus 15 m x 5 m dual bucket case. The open-area of the up-wave Jarlan wall is takenequal to 30 % and the down-wave one is 20 %. As a result of the non-linearity of equation (1) the transmissionand reflection coefficients become amplitude dependent. It can be seen that the transmission coefficient is littledependent on the incoming wave amplitude and that the reflection coefficient can be highly reduced. This resultis beneficial to mitigate wave motion on the weather side of the dike. Likewise the Jarlan wall on the lee sideimproves harbor tranquility. Figure 8 shows that the sloshing motion in the buckets is somewhat reduced.ReferencesColmard C. 1997 Etude des phe´nome`nes induits par les digues partielles de type caissons monte´s sur pieux,PhD thesis, Universite´ du Havre (in French).Kashiwagi M. 2007 Reciprocity relations of waves generated by an antisymmetric floating body, Proc. 22ndInt. Workshop Water Waves & Floating Bodies, Plitvice.Molin B. 2001 Numerical and physical wavetanks. Making them fit, Ship Technology Research, 48, 2–22.

Hydrodynamic modeling of partial dikes

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Hydrodynamic modeling of partial dikes

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