Kapitány-Fövény, Máté

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Máté Kapitány-Fövény

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Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults

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BOOK REVIEWW. Retz and R. G. Klein (Eds)Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adultsKARGER, 2010, 192 pp.ISSN 1662-4874, Vol. 176Attention-deficit hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD) is consideredto be one of the main risk factorsfor the onset and persistence ofsubstance use disorders (SUD).Based on the work of – for in-stance – Joseph Biederman, Tim-othy Edwin Wilens or StephenFaraone it has been well estab-lished that adults with ADHDabuse psychoactive substancesmore often, for a longer period oftime and at an earlier age, andthey show a faster transition fromalcohol abuse to illicit substanceabuse compared to those withoutADHD. Therefore, early detec-tion and treatment of attentionalproblems, hyperactivity andimpulsivity (as distinct compo-nents of this disorder) is impor-tant in both the prediction andprevention of SUD onset. It isalso crucial to broaden socialcognition about ADHD as thisdisorder may have a severe im-pact not only on substance abusebut also on self-esteem, academic achievement, potentialcriminal activities or interpersonal relationships as well.The editors, Wolfgang Retz and Rachel G. Klein aimedto provide an overview of the most relevant aspects ofADHD – epidemiology, neurobiology, psychopathology,longitudinal course, comorbidity and social impairment –across lifespan, following the best traditions of Key Issues inMental Health. The authors are ADHD-experts from theUSA and Germany representing various scientific fields,such as psychiatry, psychology, neurology and genetics.Paul H. Wender and David A. Tomb present ADHD’setiology, treatment options and symptomatology in Chapter 1,including childhood and adulthood characteristics of the dis-order as well as highlighting core symptoms that ease differ-ential diagnosis. Authors also provide a brief overview ofthe history of the ADHD Concept. The part where authorsintroduce case histories as well as the Appendix of severalADHD rating scales will surely be well-appreciated giventheir potential benefit in both clinical and scientific work.Christine Margarete Freitag and Wolfgang Retz delin-eate genetic background of ADHD in Chapters 2 and 3.Readers learn about the heritability of ADHD subtypes,the comorbidity of this disorder – Oppositional DefiantDisorder, Conduct Disorder, Ma-jor Depressive Disorder and Gen-eralized Anxiety Disorder as mostfrequently occurring comorbiddisorders –, sex differences basedon the results of longitudinal twin,family and adoption studies. Mo-lecular genetics of ADHD is pre-sented through the findings of as-sociation studies (genomewide as-sociation studies, for instance).The role of the dopamine trans-porter and receptor genes – whichplay a significant role in the devel-opment of SUD too – as well asthe dopamine-catalyzing en-zymes, noradrenergic genes andserotonergic genes is highlightedby the authors.In Chapter 4, neurophysiologyof ADHD is described by Chris-tina G. Baehne and Andreas J.Fallgatter. Current methods ofelectrophysiological measures –such as EEG and quantitativeEEG (qEEG) – are illustrated. El-evated theta power and reducedalpha and/or beta power in ADHD children or lower P3 am-plitudes as part of event-related potentials are well-studiedneurophysiological characteristics of the disorder.Marc Schenider, Michael Rösler and Wolfgang Retz in-troduce the findings of brain imaging studies in Chapter 5.Brain region-specific results – the role of the frontal, tempo-ral, parietal and occipital lobes and more specific areas, in-cluding basal ganglia or corpus callosum – and ADHD-re-lated brain functioning – the subcortical location of arousaland alerting networks as an example – are also describedhere.Rolf-Dieter Stieglitz in Chapter 6 introduces diagnosticcriteria and prevalence rates of ADHD showing some over-lap in content with Chapter 1. In addition to this, however,the multimodal assessment and the diagnostic process whichare presented here with several practical recommendationsmake this chapter more than helpful for clinicians and psy-chologists. For instance, Figure 1, that presents the diagnos-tic process with diagnostic aids such as when to use screen-ing instruments, structured interviews or rating scales duringthis process, is a truly useful guideline for clinicians.A full chapter is dedicated to the comorbidity of ADHDwith other disorders and was written by Rachel G. Klein andISSN 2062-5871 © 2014 Akadémiai Kiadó, BudapestBOOK REVIEW Journal of Behavioral Addictions 3(4), pp. 266–267 (2014)DOI: 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.4.8Salvatore Mannuzza (Chapter 7). Here the volume is slightlyrepetitive again, even if SUD is firstly mentioned by Kleinand Mannuzza as a typical comorbid disorder of ADHD.Methodological and diagnostic difficulties are also ad-dressed in this chapter.The correlation between ADHD and criminality isexposited in an intriguing chapter by Michael Rösler. Func-tional impairments that lead to criminal activities anddysfunctions in the everyday life of ADHD patients – e.g.earlier onset of sexual activities, lack of parenting skills orhigh risk of accidents – are described. Several figures and ta-bles make this chapter easier to follow, while individual andsocial issues related to ADHD are superbly outlined.Alexandra Philipsen, Harald Richter, Swantje Matthiesand Bernd Hesslinger present psychotherapeutic possibili-ties in Chapter 9. In the psychological treatment of ADHDcognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is well-known, authors,however, introduce many more, less familiar therapeutic ap-proaches, such as disorder-oriented group and individualprograms. The goals of these approaches are demonstratedby describing the Freiburg Treatment Program. This pro-gram aims to enhance patients’ problem-solving skills andaffect regulation using mindfulness techniques, behavioranalysis, impulse control tasks, involving partners and fam-ily members as well.In the final chapter, Götz-Erik Trott lists availablepsychopharmacological treatment options, starting with abrief historical overview of the therapeutical use of benze-drine and methylphenidate. Trott emphasizes that stimulantmedications are still the first-line treatment options for thepharmacotherapy of ADHD, although the use of anti-de-pressants and alpha-adrenergic agents is also a significantpart of pharmacological treatment. For adult ADHD patientsthe use of atomoxetine as a non-stimulant medication isfound to be one of the best pharmacotherapeutical options.The volume is a complex and up-to-date summary of themany aspects of ADHD. Its focuse on adulthood (as op-posed to childhood) is favorable given that ADHD was han-dled and considered as a childhood disorder for many years,therefore individual and social impairments of ADHD inadulthood had been largely neglected. The main strength ofthis book lies in its capability to provide useful informationnot only for the experts of this field but also for lay individu-als who are either directly or indirectly impacted by ADHDin their lives, or seek answers to their questions related tothis disorder. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) in adults is a plainly recommended reading whichcan also be used as a handy guideline for psychotherapy andpharmacotherapy as well.Máté Kapitány-FövényDoctoral School of Psychology,Institute of Psychology,Eötvös Loránd University,Budapest, HungaryE-mail: kapitany.mate@ppk.elte.huJournal of Behavioral Addictions 3(4), pp. 266–267 (2014) | 267Book review

ELTE Digital Institutional Repository (EDIT)

BOOK REVIEWW. Retz and R. G. Klein (Eds)Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adultsKARGER, 2010, 192 pp.ISSN 1662-4874, Vol. 176Attention-deficit hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD) is consideredto be one of the main risk factorsfor the onset and persistence ofsubstance use disorders (SUD).Based on the work of – for in-stance – Joseph Biederman, Tim-othy Edwin Wilens or StephenFaraone it has been well estab-lished that adults with ADHDabuse psychoactive substancesmore often, for a longer period oftime and at an earlier age, andthey show a faster transition fromalcohol abuse to illicit substanceabuse compared to those withoutADHD. Therefore, early detec-tion and treatment of attentionalproblems, hyperactivity andimpulsivity (as distinct compo-nents of this disorder) is impor-tant in both the prediction andprevention of SUD onset. It isalso crucial to broaden socialcognition about ADHD as thisdisorder may have a severe im-pact not only on substance abusebut also on self-esteem, academic achievement, potentialcriminal activities or interpersonal relationships as well.The editors, Wolfgang Retz and Rachel G. Klein aimedto provide an overview of the most relevant aspects ofADHD – epidemiology, neurobiology, psychopathology,longitudinal course, comorbidity and social impairment –across lifespan, following the best traditions of Key Issues inMental Health. The authors are ADHD-experts from theUSA and Germany representing various scientific fields,such as psychiatry, psychology, neurology and genetics.Paul H. Wender and David A. Tomb present ADHD’setiology, treatment options and symptomatology in Chapter 1,including childhood and adulthood characteristics of the dis-order as well as highlighting core symptoms that ease differ-ential diagnosis. Authors also provide a brief overview ofthe history of the ADHD Concept. The part where authorsintroduce case histories as well as the Appendix of severalADHD rating scales will surely be well-appreciated giventheir potential benefit in both clinical and scientific work.Christine Margarete Freitag and Wolfgang Retz delin-eate genetic background of ADHD in Chapters 2 and 3.Readers learn about the heritability of ADHD subtypes,the comorbidity of this disorder – Oppositional DefiantDisorder, Conduct Disorder, Ma-jor Depressive Disorder and Gen-eralized Anxiety Disorder as mostfrequently occurring comorbiddisorders –, sex differences basedon the results of longitudinal twin,family and adoption studies. Mo-lecular genetics of ADHD is pre-sented through the findings of as-sociation studies (genomewide as-sociation studies, for instance).The role of the dopamine trans-porter and receptor genes – whichplay a significant role in the devel-opment of SUD too – as well asthe dopamine-catalyzing en-zymes, noradrenergic genes andserotonergic genes is highlightedby the authors.In Chapter 4, neurophysiologyof ADHD is described by Chris-tina G. Baehne and Andreas J.Fallgatter. Current methods ofelectrophysiological measures –such as EEG and quantitativeEEG (qEEG) – are illustrated. El-evated theta power and reducedalpha and/or beta power in ADHD children or lower P3 am-plitudes as part of event-related potentials are well-studiedneurophysiological characteristics of the disorder.Marc Schenider, Michael Rösler and Wolfgang Retz in-troduce the findings of brain imaging studies in Chapter 5.Brain region-specific results – the role of the frontal, tempo-ral, parietal and occipital lobes and more specific areas, in-cluding basal ganglia or corpus callosum – and ADHD-re-lated brain functioning – the subcortical location of arousaland alerting networks as an example – are also describedhere.Rolf-Dieter Stieglitz in Chapter 6 introduces diagnosticcriteria and prevalence rates of ADHD showing some over-lap in content with Chapter 1. In addition to this, however,the multimodal assessment and the diagnostic process whichare presented here with several practical recommendationsmake this chapter more than helpful for clinicians and psy-chologists. For instance, Figure 1, that presents the diagnos-tic process with diagnostic aids such as when to use screen-ing instruments, structured interviews or rating scales duringthis process, is a truly useful guideline for clinicians.A full chapter is dedicated to the comorbidity of ADHDwith other disorders and was written by Rachel G. Klein andISSN 2062-5871 © 2014 Akadémiai Kiadó, BudapestBOOK REVIEW Journal of Behavioral Addictions 3(4), pp. 266–267 (2014)DOI: 10.1556/JBA.3.2014.4.8Unauthenticated | Downloaded 02/08/22 10:26 AM UTCSalvatore Mannuzza (Chapter 7). Here the volume is slightlyrepetitive again, even if SUD is firstly mentioned by Kleinand Mannuzza as a typical comorbid disorder of ADHD.Methodological and diagnostic difficulties are also ad-dressed in this chapter.The correlation between ADHD and criminality isexposited in an intriguing chapter by Michael Rösler. Func-tional impairments that lead to criminal activities anddysfunctions in the everyday life of ADHD patients – e.g.earlier onset of sexual activities, lack of parenting skills orhigh risk of accidents – are described. Several figures and ta-bles make this chapter easier to follow, while individual andsocial issues related to ADHD are superbly outlined.Alexandra Philipsen, Harald Richter, Swantje Matthiesand Bernd Hesslinger present psychotherapeutic possibili-ties in Chapter 9. In the psychological treatment of ADHDcognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is well-known, authors,however, introduce many more, less familiar therapeutic ap-proaches, such as disorder-oriented group and individualprograms. The goals of these approaches are demonstratedby describing the Freiburg Treatment Program. This pro-gram aims to enhance patients’ problem-solving skills andaffect regulation using mindfulness techniques, behavioranalysis, impulse control tasks, involving partners and fam-ily members as well.In the final chapter, Götz-Erik Trott lists availablepsychopharmacological treatment options, starting with abrief historical overview of the therapeutical use of benze-drine and methylphenidate. Trott emphasizes that stimulantmedications are still the first-line treatment options for thepharmacotherapy of ADHD, although the use of anti-de-pressants and alpha-adrenergic agents is also a significantpart of pharmacological treatment. For adult ADHD patientsthe use of atomoxetine as a non-stimulant medication isfound to be one of the best pharmacotherapeutical options.The volume is a complex and up-to-date summary of themany aspects of ADHD. Its focuse on adulthood (as op-posed to childhood) is favorable given that ADHD was han-dled and considered as a childhood disorder for many years,therefore individual and social impairments of ADHD inadulthood had been largely neglected. The main strength ofthis book lies in its capability to provide useful informationnot only for the experts of this field but also for lay individu-als who are either directly or indirectly impacted by ADHDin their lives, or seek answers to their questions related tothis disorder. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) in adults is a plainly recommended reading whichcan also be used as a handy guideline for psychotherapy andpharmacotherapy as well.Máté Kapitány-FövényDoctoral School of Psychology,Institute of Psychology,Eötvös Loránd University,Budapest, HungaryE-mail: kapitany.mate@ppk.elte.huJournal of Behavioral Addictions 3(4), pp. 266–267 (2014) | 267Book reviewUnauthenticated | Downloaded 02/08/22 10:26 AM UTC

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W. Retz and R. G. Klein (Eds) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults

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