vokKirjasto Aj-kLantun, nauriin ja rypsin siementen käsittelyn vaikutus itämiseen ja taimettumisee

Tiittanen, Katri

Varis, Anna-Liisa

Jukuri

VALTION MAATALOUSKOETOIMINNAN JULKAISUJA N:o 182 PUBLICATIONS OF THE FINNISH STATE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH BOARD N:o 182 THE EFFECT OF INSECTICIDAL SEED TREATMENT ON GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE OF SEEDLINGS OF SWEDE, TURNIP AND WINTER TURNIP RAPE KATRI TIITTANEN AND ANNA-LIISA VARIS AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE DEPARTMENT OF PEST INVESTIGATION TIKKURILA, FINLAND SELOSTUS LANTUN, NATJRIIN JA RYPSIN SIEMENTEN KÄSITTELYN VAIKUTUS ITÄMISEEN JA TAIMETTUMISEEN HELSINKI 1960 Received 12th November 1960 This Publication may be obtained from the Library of the Agricultural Research Centre, Tikkurila, Finland Helsinki 1961. Valtioneuvoston kirjapaino Introduction In the year 1958, control trials against flea beetles and cabbage root flies were arranged at Tikkurila, where the seeds were treated with different insecticides. In these field trials it was established that some treatments retarded the emergence of seedlings, but the differences were equalized out after some weeks. The retarding effect appeared most distinctly in swedes, while it was very slight in turnip. As rather promising results were obtained from seed treatment in these experiments, it seemed necessary to investigate in detail the harmful effect which insecticides used in seed treatment of swede, turnip and winter turnip rape might have on the germination and emer-gence of seedlings. Materials and tnethods The following experimental plants were used: swede: variety Mustiala, 96 % germination according to the official seed analysis certificate; turnip: variety Teutoburger 97 % germination; winter turnip rape: variety Gruber, 98 % germination. The insecticides used in treatment, their amounts and the amount of sticker used are given below. Purified paraffin oil was used as a sticker the amount varying according to the amount of insecticide. Active ingreodient Ingecticide Dosage g/kg Amount of sticker cern/kg  40 Aldrin 800 100  50 Dieldrin 400 60  50 Dieldrin 600 90  25 Heptachlor 1 000 100  75 + 10 Lindane + thiram 120 20  75 + 10 Lindane + thiram 160 30  75 + 10 Lindane -I- thiram 240 40  1.5 Parathion 600 90  1.5 Parathion 1 000 100  Untreated 2 234-61/1, 73 4 The effect of the thickness of the powder and sticker crust on the germination was studied by using talcum powder instead of the corresponding amount of insecticide. Ger mi na tio n tests were carried out in Jacobsen's germinator. The treated seeds were put in shut glass bottles and kept in the dark at a temp- erature of 	13-15° C. Three germinations were undertaken with each plant species, the first one 1-4 days after treatment, the second one 3-7 weeks after treatment and the third one 25-35 weeks after treatment. The tests were inspected on the 4th, 7th and 10th days after they were started. Each treatment comprised 4 x 100 seeds. The e mergence of se e dli ngs was investigated in swedes by pot experiments arranged in greenhouses and by field trials. The treated seeds were sown in mineral soil rich in organic matter in clay pots. In each treatment there were 4 x 100 seeds; half of these (2 x 100) were kept nor-mally moist, being watered before the sowing and three times in 10 days after it, while the other half were kept rather dry, being watered before the sowing and then twice during 10 days. Field experiments were carried out on sandy and peat soil and observ-ations were made 6, 10-14 and 21 days after sowing. The estimation was made according to a scale of 0-10, (0 = no emergence, 10 = rather dense and even emergence). Not only the density of growth, but also the vigor-ousness affected the value. Results When estimating the results it must he taken into consideration that it was not possible to ensure that all the seed coats were covered by a com-pletely even and equally thick crust of insecticide. In addition to this the possible unevenness in the depth of sowing affected the emergence values obtained on the basis of field experiments. Germinatio n. According to germination tests, the treatments af-fected harmfully the germination of ali the e'xperimental plants, retarding it and in most cases increasing the number of sterile seeds and also of deformed seedlings (Figure 1). The harmful effect was greatest in swedes and least in turnip rape. In France BONNEMAISON and JOURDLIEULL (1954) investigated the effect of seed treatment on the germination of rape. According to their results all the treatments (lindane, DDT, aldrin and parathion dry treat-ment and lindane, HCH and ethyl and methyl parathion liquid treatment) retarded and reduced the germination, slightly in the case of dry treatment, byt very severely in the case of liquid treatment. In Norway the amounts of dieldrin (50 °/<, 100 g/kg and 90 % 55 g/kg) and lindane (50 % 70 g/kg and 75 eyo 45 g/kg) used in seed treatment of swedes did not reduce germi- 35c2eak Sioeda 3 week5 sor-aqs 4 clays 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 	I 2 3 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 77../P-P71:p 7 weeks 25- ffivesies sibraqa lclay 700 - _ 80 — _ 60- 40- 20— 910 	1 2 3 	5 6 7 	9 10 1 2 31 5 6 7 8 9 10 100— _ BO- 60— _ 10— _ 20- 5 7 1 6 '73 % 	siorage 1 day Joo— Z2r."' 80- - 60- 10- 10- r77‘er 	r-ape 3  k, <te 1<E, 	 weeks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 	1 2 3 	5 6 7 8 910 2 3 55 78 910 Figure 1. The effeet of storage on the germination on the seeds of swede, turnip and winter turnip rape treated with different inseetieides (g/kg). Orig. 1-lealthy seedlings. The dotted line indicates the number of healthy seedlings on the 4th day after the start of the experiment Deformed seedlings 	•Sterile seeds Treatments 1. 	41) aldrin 800 g 6. 75 7- 10 "„ lindane 	thiram 160 g 2. 50 "„ dieldrin 400 g 7. 75 + 111 	lindane 	thiram 240 g 3. 50 0 	dieldrin 600 g 8. 	1.5 "„ parathion 600 g 4. 25 ",, heptachlor 1 000 g 9. 	1.0 ":„ parathion 1 000 g 5. 75 + .10 "../0 lindane 	thirarn 120 g 10. Untreated 6 Figure 2. The effect of seed treatment with dif-ferent insecticides on the development of swede seedlings. Photo taken on 4th day. Treatments, see Fig. 1. Orig. nation (STENSETH 1958). — In our experiments the storage of treated seeds did not significantly increase the injurious effect of the preparations. In Denmark, seed treatment with aldrin and lindane reduced the germination of swedes, but storage in sacks for 2-3 months and in closed glass bottles did not cause further reduction in the germination (HAMMARLUND 1958) 7 According to the investigations made in Norway (STENSETH 1960) a year's storage in paper bags of swede seeds treated with lindane and dieldrin did not cause poorer germination. Some differenees which should be taken into con.sideration occurred between the experimental plants in our germination tests. The retarcling effect of parathion appeared most distinetly in swedes, where it also led to the greatest increase in the number of sterile seeds and in the number of deformed seedlings. In swedes the harmful effect was least when aldrin and small amounts of lindane were used. On the whole storage somewhat mitigated the phytotoxicity. — In turnip parathion did not have such an effect as in swedes, and the effect did not differ considerably from that of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Storage of the turnip seeds slightly increased the harmful effect of the preparation. In winter turnip rape parathion retarded germination, but its effect on the final result of germination was not much more harmful than that of the other preparations. Storage also increased the injurious effect of the preparations on germination in turnip rape. Figure 2 Figure 3. The seeds of swede inerusted with different amounts of tale. Paraffin oil has been used as a stieker. Orig. Treatments Tale 120 g, paraf-fin oil 20 cern/kg Tale 160 g, paraffin oil 30 cem/ kg Tale 240 g paraffin oil 40 cm/kg Tale 400 g, paraffin oil 60 ecm/kg S. Talc 600 g, paraffin oil 90 cem/kg Tale 800 g, paraffin oil 100 ccinfkg Tale 1 000 g, paraffin oil 100 cem/kg Untreated 5wede Tur771p Wirder 74./mrp ra102 	 111 1 	2 3 4 5 6 7 8 	t234 5 6 7 8 	1 2 3 4 5 .5 7 8 Figure 4. The effect of the thickness of the crust of talc and paraffin oil on the germination of swede, turnip and turnip rape. Treatments, see Fig. 3. Orig. o Healthy seedlings. The dotted line indicates the number of healthy seedlings on the 4th day after the start of the experiment Deformed seedlings 	•Sterile seeds presents the effect of different preparations on the development of swede seedlings. Treated seeds were stored for 35 weeks an-1 the photo was taken on the fourth day after the beginning of the teet. The crust of powder and sticker (Fig. 3) on the seed surface caused poorer germination in the swedes, but the thickness of the crust had almost no effect. In turnip the germination was retarded according to the thickness of the crust, but the final .quantity of germinated seeds was not affeeted. In turnip rape the crust of powder and sticker had no effect worth mentioning (Fig. 4). The emergence of seedlings. In pot experiments the insecti-cides used in seed treatment affected the emergence of swede seedlings in moist soil in the same way as they affeeted the germination in the germination tests. In dry soil aldrin, heptachlor and parathion caused rather severe deterioration in the emergence. The results are presented in detail in Figure 5. Observations made in field experiments (Table 1) indicate that the treat-ments retarded the emergence and the development of seedlings. The result thus corresponds with that of the gerrninatiori tests, as well as with the results obtained by BONNEMAISON and JOURDHEIJIL (1954). Parathion had the most harmful effect, but in many cases the biggest quantity of lindane still had a distinct phytotoxic effect 3 weeks after sowing, whereas the differences between other treatments were almost entirely equalized by then. NOLTE (1959) has observed that the treatment of rape seed with lindane (100 g/kg and 150 g/kg of 50 'X, preparation) retarded the emergence of seedlings, but the plants which developed from treated secds recovered quickly, however, and after some weeks they were even stronger than the untreated ones. ale 100- 80 — _ 60 — 40 — 20 — Swede o 16-/ 	dry 9 100-40-60-- 20 —     1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 j0 	1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 Figure 5. The effect of seed treatment on the emergence of seedlings of swede on moist and dry soil. Treatments, see Fig. 1. Orig, Ilealthy seedlings. The-dotted line indicates the number of healthy seedlings on the 4th day after the start of the experhnent Deformed seedlings 	Sterile seeds Table 1. The onkia of different insecticides on the emergence and development of swede, turnip and winter turnip rape seedlings in field experiments. The estimation is made according to a scale 0-10 (0 = no emergence, 10 = rather dense and even emergence). The vigorousness of the seedlings affected the values. The observations were made 6, 10 and 21 clays after sowing. Active Ingredient % Insecticide Dosage g/kg Swede Turnip Turnip rape 6 	10 21 6 10 21 6 10 I 	21 40 50 60 25 75+10 75 +10 75+10 1.5 1.5 40 50 50 25 75+ 10 75 +10 75+10 1.5 1.5 Sandy soil Aldrin 	 Dieldrin  Dieldrin 	 Heptaehlor 	 Lindane + thiram 	 Lindane + thiram . 	 Lindane + thiram 	 Parathion 	 Parathion  Untreated 	 Peat soil Aldrin 	 Dieldrin  Dieldrin 	 Heptaehlor 	 	Lindane + thiram . 	 Lindane + thiram . 	 Lindane + thiram 	 Parathion 	 Parathion  Untreated 	 800 400 600 1 000 120 160 240 600 1 000 800 400 600 1 000 120 160 240 600 1 000 + 3 3 4 2 2 2 + + 4 1 1 2 1 2 1 + + 0 3 6 71/9 7 71/2 8 71/2 71/2 11)2  1 8 7 7 8 61/9 8 7 6 6 3 9 7 8112 8 8 9 9 81/2 4 31/2  9 81/9  9 9 8 9 9 81/, 7 5 9 31/, 31/2 31/9 81/2 3119  31/9 31/2 + + 4— 8— 8— 7119 5— 8 71/, 6— 5— 2 9 71/9 71/2 71/, 6112 8 71/2 7 1 + 8— 10— 10 91/9 6 10— 10— 91/9 61/9 41/, 10 81/9 81)2  71/2  9— 8— 2— 11/2 9 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 71/, 61/, 10 41/2 41/9 41/9 31/2 21/, 11/9 2— 11/9  1/9  41/, 71/, 8 7 6 8 8 7 61/, 41/, 9 8 9— 81/, 71/2 81/2 81/2 71/2 6% 5% 9 91/9 10— 9— 7— 9 9 9— 71/, 6— 10 9 10 9% 814 91/2 9 81/2 6 4% 10 10 10 10- 8- 10 10 10- 8 7 10 In the experiments on sandv soil the swede seeds were treated 8 weeks before sowing, the turnip seeds 4 weeks before sowing, and the turnip rape seeds one week before sowing; in the experiments on peat soil the swede seeds were treated 3 weeks before sowing, the turnip seeds 4 weeks before sowing, and the turnip rape seeds 4 weeks before sowing. 10 Sivede 	 7urp,i3O 	Wlrde Icifry),» rape 60- _ 40- 20- _ 	  	I 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 9 10 	1 2 .3 4 5 6 7 8 9 /0 	I 2 3 	5 6 7 a 9 10 Figure G. The effect of seed treatment on yields on peat soil. Treatments, see Fig. 1. Orig. In our field experiments thedifferences between the stands of various treatment,s would evidently have been equalized better and more quickly if the seedlings had not Buffered from severe drought during the commence-ment of their development. The experiments on sandy soil suffered so severely from the drought that none of the yields could be weighed. The drought did not hamper the experiments on peat soil so much. The yields of different experimental plants and various treatments are presented as relative values in Figure 6. In the yields of swede and turnip (roots and foliage) there were searcely any significant differences between the treatments. Thinning conducted at the beginning of July proved to be an equalizing factor whereas in the yield of turnip rape the phytotoxicity of heptachlor and parathion preparations was observable. On the other hand, varying efficiency of different insecticides on pests i.e. on flea beetles and cabbage root flies, affected the differences between the yields of the experimental plants. Summary Germination tests were made with the seeds of swede, turnip and winter turnip rape treated with aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, lindane and parathion. Paraffin oil was used as sticker. The effect of storage on the treated seeds was also studied and observations were made on the emergence of seed-lings. In the gerraination tests ali the insecticides mentioned above retarded the germination of each trial plant and in most cases increased the number of sterile seeds and the amount of deformed seedlings. The phytotoxic effect 11 was strongest in swedes and slightest in turnip rape. The thickness of the crust on the seed surface did not affect the final amount of germinated seeds. In pot and field trials the differences in the emergence of seedlings were, however, almost entirely equalized after three weeks. Only the harmful effect of treatment with heptachlor and parathion was lasting. The storage of treated seeds up to 35 weeks did not increase the injurious effect in swedes. In turnip and turnip rape the germination deteriorated slightly during the storage. Referenees BONNEMMSON, L. & JOURDHEITIL, P. 1954. L'altise d'hiver du colza (Psylliodes chrysocephala L4. Ann. Epiphyt. 5: 345-524. HAMMARLUND, L. 1958. Afprovning af plantebeskyttelsemidler 1957. Tidskr. plante-avl 61: 854-864. NOLTE. H.-W. 1959. Die Bekiimpfung des Rapserdflohs (Psylliodag chrysoc,ephada L.) und des Kohlgallenriisslers (Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma Marsh.) durch Samen-inkrustierung. Nachr.bl. Deutsch. PfLschutzd. (Berlin-Kleinmachnow) 13: 153-157. STENSETH, CHR. 1958. Beisning av kälrotfro mot jordlopper. Norsk Landbr. 9: 200. —»— 1960. Beisning av kålrotfro mot angrep av nepejordlopper. Tidskr. Norske Landbr. 67: 74-80. Selostus Lantun, naurun ja rypsin siementen käsittelyn vaikutus itämiseen ja taimettumiseen KATRI TIITTANEN ja ANNA-LIISA VARIS Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus, Tuhoeläintutkimuslaitos Tikkurila • Vuonna 1958 järjestetyistä kirppojen ja kaalikärpilatoukkien torjuntakokeista, joissa siemenet oli käsitelty eri insektisideillä kiinnitysainetta käyttäen, tehtiin se havainto, että käsittelyt hidastivat kasvien taimettumista. Kun siementen käsitte-lyllä näissä kokeissa saatiin verrattain lupaavia tuloksia käsittelyjen vaikutuksesta mainittuja tuliolaisia vastaan, järjestettiin v. 1959 kokeita, joissa tutkittiin käytetty-jen aineiden, aldriinin, dieldriinin, heptakloorin, lindaanin ja parationin vaikutusta lantun, naurun ja rypsin itä,miseen ja taimettumiseen. Itävyyskokeissa, jotka suoritettiin jaeobsenin idätysaltaassa Valtion Siementar-kastuslaitoksen ohjeiden mukaan, hidastivat käsittelyt kaikkien mainittujen kookas-vien itämistä ja useimmissa tapauksissa lisäsivät sekä täysin itämättömien siemenien että epämuodostuneiden sirkkataimien määrää. Haitallisirrunin vaikutti parationi. Yleensä fytotoksinen vaikutus oli voimakkainta lantussa ja lievintä rypsissä. Sie-menten pinnassa olevan ainekerroksen vahvuus ei vaikuttanut lopulliseen itämis- tulokseen. Kenttitkokeista tehtyjen havaintojen perusteella siementen insektisidikäsittelyn vaikutus taimetturniseen oli vastaavanlaista kuin itämiseenkin. Taimettuminen vii-västyi ja taimien kehitys hidastui. Erot taimettumisessa ta.soittuivat kuitenkin eri koejäsenten välillä miltei täydellisesti kolmen viikon kuluessa; ainoastaan hepta-kloori- ja parationikäsittelyjen haitallinen vaikutus oli pysyvää. 

The effect of insecticidal seed treatment on germination and emergence of seedlings of Swede, turnip and winter turnip rape

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