Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most prevalent metabolic disorder in pregnancy. GDM is defined in <1 % to 28 % of pregnancies, depending on the diagnostic criteria, the ethnic and racial characteristics. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of GDM and related risk factors among pregnant women in Gorgan, north of Iran. In a cross sectional study, 1276 pregnant women were recruited. All of women screened with glucose challenge test (GCT) in 24–28th wks of gestational age. Women with positive GCT underwent 100 g glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Diagnosis of GDM was according to Carpenter and Coustan’s criteria. GCT was positive in 200 women (15.8 % with CI: 13.8 %–17.8 %) and GDM was diagnosed in 62 case (4.9 % with CI:3.7 %–6.8 %). In a multiple logistic regression, risk factors such as age, BMI, history of macrosomia, familial history of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were identified as independent risk factors for GDM (p < 0.05). Among GDM cases, 3.2 %(2 women) had no risk factor. These results show moderate prevalence of GDM in north of Iran. It seems that a selective GDM screening method for women with some risk factors is more appropriate than general screening. © 2015, Research Society for Study of Diabetes in India

Eshghinia, S.

Mohammadzadeh, F.

Vakili, M.A.

English

Golestan University of Medical Sciences Repository

Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries (July–September 2015) 35(3):225–229 DOI 10.1007/s13410-014-0209-8 ORIGINAL ARTICLEThe prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its related risk factors in Gorgan, north of Iran. Selective or universal screening test is cost-effective? Fatemeh Mohammadzadeh & Samira Eshghinia & Mohammad Ali Vakili Received: 19 July 2013 /Accepted: 6 May 2014 /Published online: 9 January 2015 # Research Society for Study of Diabetes in India 2015 Abstract Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most prevalent metabolic disorder in pregnancy. GDM is defined in <1 % to 28 % of pregnancies, depending on the diagnostic criteria, the ethnic and racial characteristics. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of GDM and related risk factors among pregnant women in Gorgan, north of Iran. In a cross sectional study, 1276 pregnant women were recruit-ed. All of women screened with glucose challenge test (GCT) in 24–28th wks of gestational age. Women with positive GCT underwent 100 g glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Diagnosis of GDMwas according to Carpenter and Coustan’s criteria. GCT was positive in 200 women (15.8 % with CI: 13.8 %–17.8 %) and GDM was diagnosed in 62 case (4.9 % with CI:3.7 %– 6.8 %). In a multiple logistic regression, risk factors such as age, BMI, history of macrosomia, familial history of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were identified as inde­pendent risk factors for GDM (p<0.05). Among GDM cases, 3.2 %(2 women) had no risk factor. These results show moderate prevalence of GDM in north of Iran. It seems that a selective GDM screening method for women with some risk factors is more appropriate than general screening. F. MohammadzadehDepartment of Internal medicine, 5th Azar University Hospital,Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences,Gorgan, IranS. Eshghinia (*)Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Departments of Biochemistryand Nutrition. Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of MedicalSciences, Gorgan, Irane-mail: eshghinia@goums.ac.irM. A. VakiliDepartment of Health and Social Medicine, Health Management andSocial Development Research Center, Golestan University ofMedical Sciences, Gorgan, IranKeywords Gestational diabetes . Prevalence . Screening . Risk factors Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a metabolic disorder, defined as carbohydrate intolerance with first onset or diag­nose in pregnancy. A resent systematic review on the preva­lence of GDM with a focus on advanced economies reported the prevalence of GDM with a range of 1.7–11.6 %[1]. In another review, in 173 countries, GDM prevalence estimated range from <1% to 28%, depending on the diagnostic criteria used and the ethnic and racial characteristics [2]. GDM in­creases the risk of mortality and morbidity rate for both mother and child during pregnancy. The related complications of GDM include fetal macrosomia, birth trauma, intra-uterine fetal death (IUFD), neonatal hypoglycemia, risk of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes [3, 4]. Pregnant womenwith GDM also are at increased risk of caesarean section, gestational hypertension, hydramnios, stillbirth and development of type 2 diabetes in future [5, 6]. Because of the lack of clinical signs and symptoms of GDM, screening tests are recommended during pregnancy to early detection [7]. The two major rec­ommended methods for screening are universal and selective screening based on risk factors. However universal screening is more sensitive, selective screening is cost-effective [8]. There are only little data on the prevalence of GDM and its risk factors in Iranian population. The aim of this study is to estimate the GDM prevalence and its related risk factors in eastern north of Iran. Methodology A cross-sectional study carried out in a teaching hospital and primary health centers in Gorgan City (Golestan state in east 226 Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries (July–September 2015) 35(3):225–229 of Caspian Sea, Iran) from March 2011 to September 2012. The screening and diagnosis of GDM have remained con­troversial. Since 2011 the ADA recommended single 75 gr OGTT at 24–28 weeks of pregnancy as screening and diagnostic test for GDM [9]. In the time that study was carried, in Iran, except some of research centers, Glucose Challenge Test (GCT) and OGTT 100 gr were used for universal screening. Data collection A total of 1276 eligible pregnant women were randomly recruited into the study. Pregnant women with preexisting diabetes mellitus, twin pregnancies, miscarriage or termina­tion before 24 weeks of gestational age and those on steroid therapy were excluded. At the first antenatal visit, a structured questionnaire was administered to obtain baseline information data such as age, parity, gestational age. Participant’s weight (before 12 weeks), height and blood pressure were measured, body mass index (BMI) was calculated. If the pregnant woman had at least one of the risk factors of GDM, early screening in the first visit was performed. Risk factors for GDM which we used as a guide for early screening were: age >35 years, BMI >30 kg/ m2, familial history of diabetes, macrosomia, congenital malformations, stillbirth or unexplained abortion, history of IFG, GDM and preeclampsia [9, 10]. Some of those who had negative GCT followed by repeated test in 24–28 weeks. For cases without risk factors, the screening test was done at 24– 28 weeks. Serum glucose value >130 mg/dl on GCT, underwent a 100 g 3 h OGTT after an overnight 8 h fasting. The diagnosis of GDM was based on the criteria of Car­penter and Coustan [11], when at least two of the four values were raised: fasting >95 mg/dl, 1 h >180 mg/dl, 2 h >155 mg/ dl and 3 h >140 mg/dl. If only one of four samples was impaired, OGTT was repeated 4 weeks later. Statistical Analysis In this cross-sectional analysis, Mean ± SD are presented and compared using Students T-test for continuous, χ2 test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. The binary logistic regression was used to assess the strength of association between dependent and independent vari­ables. Odds ratio (OR) and CI were calculated in logistic regression analysis. Forward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was used to test several models for the association of gestational diabetes mellitus and other variables. All analyses were performed with the SPSS version16. Statistical level of significance was set at 0.05 and 95 % confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Table 1 The baseline characteristics of the study population (n=1,276) Max Min Mean ± SD Variable 51 157 63.6 6 180 90 16 38 15.5 1 80 45 27.3±5.5 64.4±13.3 25.3±4.9 4.5±1.8 104.7±10.3 66.2±8.0 Age (year) Weight (kg) BMI (kg/m2) Parity Systolic BP (mmHg) Diastolic BP (mmHg) Ethical consideration This study was approved by the “Research Deputy” and research ethics committee of the Golestan University of Med­ical sciences. A written consent form was signed by each participant. Women with GDM referred to endocrinologist and nutritionist for management and medical nutrition therapy. Results The study included 1276 pregnant women aged 16–51 years. The 297 (23.3 %) and 965 (75.6 %) of them were from rural and urban population respectively and 14 (1.1 %) was data missing. Table 1 shows the baseline characteristics of the subjects. Two hundred (15.7 % CI13.8–17.8 %) of the women had a positive GCT. GDM was diagnosed in 62 women or 4.9 % (CI 3.7–6.8 %). In rural and urban population, GDM defined in Table 2 Distribution of gestational diabetes cases according to demo­graphic and medical variables P- value non- GDM GDM Risk factors 0.001 27.1±5.4 30.16±4.8 Age (year) NS 159.8±5.9 158.7±5.5 Height (Cm) 0.0001 64.2±13.2 73±12.1 Weight (kg) 0.001 25.1±4.8 29±4.8 BMI (kg/m2) NS 4.6±1.8 1.3±2.1 Parity 0.02 104.7±10.3 107.6±9.7 Systolic BP (mmHg) NS 66.2±8 66.8±8 Diastolic BP (mmHg) 0.002 0.3 4.8 History of GDM (%) NS 0.6 0 History of gestational HTN 0.001 16.9 35.5 Family history of diabetes (%) 0.001 0.9 9.7 History of macrosomia (%) NS 14.2 21 History of abortion and still birth (%) NS 0.3 0 Previous congenital malformation (%) 227 Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries (July–September 2015) 35(3):225–229 Table 3 Most significant predictors associated with GDM using multiple logistic regression analysis P- value CI OR Risk factors 0.006 1.147–1.023 1.083 Age 0.001 1.145–1.044 1.093 BMI NS 1.078–0.94 1.007 Parity NS 1.059–0.992 1.025 Systolic BP NS 1.019–0.933 0.975 Diastolic BP 0.01 33.454–1.624 7.371 History of impaired fasting glucose NS 20.305–0.50 3.186 History of GDM 0.029 3.708–1.073 1.994 Family history of diabetes 0.001 33.906–2.581 9.355 History of macrosomia 4.4 % and 5.1 % respectively, that was not statistically signif­icant (P=0.37).  The mean age was 30.1±4.82 years in women with GDM and 27.1±5.47 years in non GDM subjects (p=0.0001).  The mean BMI of GDM and normal subjects were 29.01± 4.80 and 25.09±4.83 kg/m2 respectively (p=0.0001).  In univariate analysis of related risk factors maternal age, weight, systolic blood pressure and familial history of diabe­tes, history of IFG, fetal macrosomia, GDM in previous pregnancy were significantly associated with a higher likeli­hood for GDM (P<0.05). Table 2 shows the comparison of risk factors on binary logistic analysis in with GDM and non GDM women. However in a multiple logistic regression history of fetal macrosomia, familial history of diabetes, IFG, maternal age and BMI were identified as independent risk factors for GDM (p<0.05) (Table 3) .  We also study the GDM prevalence in different age and BMI groups. In the age group less than 20 years GDMwas not detected. The most prevalence of GDM (8.8 %) was seen in group of women equal or more than 35 years old (Table 4).We consider the 20–24 year age group as the reference group. Risk of GDM in age ≥35 years is 4.4 (95 %CI 1.7–11.4) times greater than 20–24 years. Instead of every one year increase for age, risk of GDM will raise 1.083 (95 % CI 1.023–1.147) fold. We evaluate the prevalence of GDM in normal weight, overweight and obese women based on BMI. 669 (53.3 %) of our population had normal BMI (BMI <25) and rest of them were overweight (BMI between 25 to 29.99) or obese (BMI ≥30). In normal weight subjects, GDM was seen in 14 (2.1 %). In 392 overweight subjects, prevalence of GDM was 5.4 %. 195 subjects (15.5 %) were obese that 27 women (13.8 %) diagnosed as GDM. Risk of GDM in women with BMI ≥30 was 4.7 (CI 2.79–8.03) times greater than subjects with BMI <30. Every one unit rising in BMI increases risk of GDM 1.1 fold (CI: 1–1.15). Discussion The prevalence of GDM was 4.9 % in our population, that is conformably to other parts of world [2]. In the another studies prevalence of GDM was 4 % in USA [12] and 2–6 % in  Europe population with high prevalence in the south of Med­iterranean [13]. The prevalence varies between racial and ethnic groups within the same country [14]. In a study in different parts of Iran, the prevalence was 1.3– 8.9 %[15]. The highest prevalence (8.9 %) was reported from Bandar Abbas in south of Iran, screening and diagnostic criteria was performed as same as our method. This difference may be related to higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes in this area. [16]. Lowest prevalence reported from Ardebil in West North of Iran (1.7%) [17] that may be due to upper level of cut off point for GCT (140 mg/dl). A few study in Iran investigated GDM risk factors. In this study, we consider the risk factors for GDM. According to greatest available evidence, the established risk factors for GDM are maternal age, increased body fat mass, race, family history of diabetes, history of IFG and macrosomia, about other risk factors such as parity, hyperten­sion and history of poor obstetric outcomes, available data is controversial [12]. Our study shows that maternal age, BMI, familial history of diabetes, history of IFG and macrosomia were independent risk factors for GDM. The high relative risk was belong to history of macrosomia and IFG. Maternal age more than 25 years is an important risk factor of GDM [18]. In age group <20 years, we didn’t see GDM. The most prevalence of GDM was seen in group of women ≥35 years old. In our sample, risk of GDM in age ≥35 years is 4.4 times greater than 20–24 years. In a study in Isfahan- Iran, Table 4 Odds ratio for Age-ad­justed prevalence of GDM Age groups GDM Non GDM Total OR CI P-value <20 0 (0) 87 (100) 87 (100) − − −20–24 7 (2.1) 322 (97.9) 329 (100) 1 − −25–29 24 (5.9) 383 (94.1) 407 (100) 2.883 1.226–6.777 .015 30–34 19 (6.5) 275 (93.5) 294 (100) 3.178 1.316–7.673 .010 ≥ 35 12 (8.8) 125 (91.2) 137 (100) 4.416 1.700–11.473 .002 Total 62 (4.9) 1192 (95.1) 1254 (100) — .020 228 Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries (July–September 2015) 35(3):225–229 the prevalence of GDM in age <20 year was zero. The relative risk of GDM in women ≥35 years was 10.2 times greater than women who had 20–24 years [18] and in another study in south of Iran, this was 15 fold [16]. 11.3 % women with GDM in our research were in group <25 years. Therefore, if we did selective screening based on age groups, we missed remark­able cases of GDM. In many studies, BMI more than 30 kg/m2 was related with incidence of GDM [16, 19, 20], in our study prevalence of GDMwas 13.8 % in women with BMI ≥30 and 3.3 % in BMI <30 (p<0.001). Risk of GDM in women with BMI ≥30 was 4.7 times greater than subjects with BMI <30. In normal weight subjects, GDM prevalence was 1.1 %. According to this finding, it’s probable that screening based on BMI (BMI >25 kg/m2) will be cost  effective.  The association of positive familial history with GDM in our population was according to results in most previous studies [13, 21, 22], but some study such as a research in Nigeria and another in Seri- Lanka didn’t find this relationship  [19, 20]. Its discordant results were probably due to the shorter duration of the study and/or influenced by unknown con­founding factors in the study population [20]. Although other risk factors such as parity, maternal hyper­tension and history of poor obstetric outcomes in our study were not statistically different in GDM and non GDM groups, this findings are consistent with those of Ardabil, in west north [17], Ahvaz, in the south [23], Tehran in the center [21] of Iran  and in other countries such as Seri Lanca [19]. In our subjects with GDM, 2 women (3.2 %) were without any risk factors. Conclusion The best approach to screen for GDM remains a controversy. The American Diabetes Association (2011), recommended universal screening, however selective screening is more cost-effective in low-prevalence populations. With due atten­tion to moderate prevalence of GDM in our population, it seems that selective screening based on some risk factors such as BMI >25 is wisely approach and more cost effective. Limitations of our study We didn’t note the mother’s weight gain during pregnancy and lipid profile that could be a risk factor for GDM. 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The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its related risk factors in Gorgan, north of Iran. Selective or universal screening test is cost-effective?

Fatemeh Mohammadzadeh

Samira Eshghinia

Mohammad Ali Vakili

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International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries

http://eprints.goums.ac.ir/4665/1/The_prevalence_of_gestational_diabetes_mellitus.pdf

The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its related risk factors in Gorgan, north of Iran. Selective or universal screening test is cost-effective?

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